A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay Essay Example

A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay Essay There are legion Acts of the Apostless and counsel that need to be considered which make this a complicated exercising. The first is the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, 1970 s1 which requires local governments to be cognizant of the figure of handicapped people in their boundary in order to program and develop proviso of services. Furthermore, under s46 of the National Health Service and Community Care Act, 1990 they have a duty to print a program of community attention services provided. As Mr B is the carer, the Carers ( Equal Opportunities ) Act, 2004 requires Countyshire to inform him of his entitlement to a Carer s appraisal ( Wilson et al, 2008 ) . Whilst Mr A lived with his brother, Countyshire would hold a statutory responsibility under the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) and the Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act, 1995 to measure Mr B s demands as chief carer for his brother as Mr B is ordinary occupant at that place. The Carers and Disabled Children Act ( 2000 ) gives Mr B the right to bespeak an appraisal even if Mr A is non involved with attention services. Local Authority Circular ( 2004 ) 24 s2 lineations good pattern for Mr B s engagement in his brother s assessment procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Look At The Critical Understanding Of Law Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For Mr A, under s47 of the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) , Countyshire would hold a statutory responsibility to measure his demands while he was populating with his brother and a farther responsibility under the policy counsel, Fair Access to Care Services 2002, issued under s7 ( 1 ) of the Local Authority Social Services Act 1970, to make up ones mind within a sensible clip, what community attention services should be provided to run into his demands ( DOH, 2010 ) . The statute law is complex for supplying services, including adjustment, for Mr A. There are overlapping and conflicting duties and a elaborate history for Mr A is missing. This highlights the demand for a thorough appraisal by a Social Worker and the appropriate sharing of information between the local governments concerned. Because support attention is expensive governments may conceal behind the complexness of the jurisprudence to hedge their duty. As Mr A was detained under s37 of the Mental Health Act, 1983 ( as amended by Mental Health Act, 2007 ) he would, upon go forthing infirmary under s117 MHA ( 1983 ) , receive free after-care services for his mental wellness for every bit long as is required. As Mr A was detained in Ashire, that Local Authority, Local Health Board and Primary Care Trust are responsible for financing any after-care services ( DOH, 2008 and Barber et Al, 2009 ) . After-care services under s117 of MHA ( 1989 ) would non be withdrawn from Mr A if he declined them, or Ashire discharged him from attention. Even if Mr A was good settled in the community, he may go on to necessitate after-care services in instance of backsliding or mental wellness impairment. They would merely be withdrawn if Ashire local authorization, Mr A and the PCT agreed that he no longer needed them ( DOH, 2008 ) . If such an understanding was made by Ashire so Mr A would be unable to acquire after-care free under s117 of MHA ( 1989 ) but would necessitate to be assessed under s47 of the NHSCCA ( 1990 ) for Countyshire to supply attention under the National Assistance Act ( 1948 ) . The MHA ( 1983 ) does non specify what aftercare is, nevertheless it is accompanied by a Code of Practice, 2008, which, although non statutory is regarded as counsel, as confirmed in the instance of R ( Munjaz ) V Mersey Care NHS Trust ( 2005 ) ( Brammer, 2010 and Barber et Al, 2009 ) . The Code of Practice under 27.13 provides a list of countries to be considered in an appraisal which the Social Worker, with Mr A, should include in the written after attention program ( DOH, 2008 ) . There have been legion differences between local governments over the definition of ordinary occupant, within s24 of the NAA ( 1948 ) , and occupant in s117 ( 3 ) of the MHA ( 1993 ) , and, hence, which authorization is responsible for funding a individual s residential attention. The recent publication Ordinary Residence by the Department of Health and the instance of R ( on the application of M ) v. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and Another ; R ( on the application of Hertfordshire County Council ) v. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham ( 2010 ) have provided lucidity and counsel for pattern confirming that for the intents of s117 MHA ( 1983 ) afterAÂ ­care, s24 ( 5 ) of the NAA ( 1948 ) does non use ( RadclifeLeBrasseur, 2010 ) . In the instance of Mr A, if he is still under s117 MHA ( 1989 ) the responsibility to supply after-care services, including adjustment, would stay with Ashire as the local authorization where he was detained even though he is populating i n Countyshire ( DOH, 2010 ) . Countyshire, under s24 ( 3 ) of the NAA ( 1948 ) , ab initio placed Mr A in the residential place to supply reprieve for his brother. The place is registered for occupants with dementedness and physical disablements. Upon the determination to remain at that place for good, Countyshire would hold a common responsibility to re-assess Mr A to guarantee the place is appropriate for his demands. If it is non portion of Mr A s attention program to supply appropriate adjustment for his mental wellness so Countyshire would necessitate to fund his adjustment, under s21 of the NAA ( 1948 ) . Mr A would besides run into the standards under the NAA ( 1948 ) s29 ( 1 ) for his domiciliary attention services to be provided by the local authorization. NAA ( 1948 ) s29 ( 4 ) with LAC ( 93 ) 10 besides outlines what attention services should be considered and s2 of the CSDPA ( 1970 ) gives the local authorization the power and responsibility to supply such services. If the adjustment is provided for M r A s wellness demands, the NHS are responsible as the local authorization is non able to supply wellness services as defined in s21 ( 8 ) NAA ( 1948 ) . If Mr A funded his ain adjustment he would be classed as a self-funder and require an ordinary abode with Countyshire, in line with the settled intent trial in Shah v London Borough of Barnet ( 1983 ) . NAA ( 1948 ) s22 ( 2 ) allows Countyshire to bear down Mr A for the adjustment. When transporting out the fiscal appraisal they must utilize the National Assistance ( Assessment of Resources ) Regulations ( 1992 ) in concurrence with Charging For Residential Accommodation Guide, which is updated yearly ( DOH, 2010 ) . At present there is no specific statute law in England for vulnerable grownup protection. The jurisprudence modulating the safeguarding of vulnerable grownups is taken from a figure of comparatively recent policies, counsel and instance jurisprudence ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ) . Safeguarding has merely late become recognised as an country of work in its ain right. It is an progressively of import portion of a Social Worker s duties, as policy and counsel has given societal service governments the lead function in covering with safeguarding issues ( Mandelstam, 2008 ) . The local authorization as a public organic structure, under the Human Rights Act 1998 s6, has a responsibility of attention towards its citizens, to protect them from injury and continue their human rights ( Braye, 2010 ) . In Z and others v UK ( 2001 ) the European Court of Human Rights found the local authorization to be in misdemeanor of s6 ( 3 ) HRA ( 1998 ) , holding failed to take sensible stairss to forestall serious ill-treatment when they were cognizant of maltreatment ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ) . Safeguarding Adults processs should be put in topographic point, in line with HRA ( 1998 ) , to back up a individual to populate a life that is free from maltreatment and disregard ( ADASS, 2005 ) . As the local authorization has been made cognizant of Mr A s recent behavior towards the other occupants it is of import that they appoint an Investigating Officer and take sensible stairss to forestall any maltreatment. The Care Standards Act, 2000 criterion 18, stipulates that local governments and attention places must hold a written safeguarding policy which would use to Ashire, Countyshire and the private attention place. Besides in 2000, the Department of Health published the No Secrets policy papers, which provides counsel to local governments on how to protect vulnerable grownups and implement policies to protect them. The policy requires local governments to hold written multi bureau safeguarding processs and policies ( Brammer, 2010 ) . No Secrets is regarded as statutory counsel because the LASSA ( 1970 ) , s7 requires a local authorization to move under such counsel. The instance of R v Islington LBC, ex p Rixon ( 1996 ) , demonstrated that an authorization is moving unlawfully if they deviate from the counsel ( Mandelstram, 2008 ) . The Association of Directors of Social Services in 2004, published the Protocol For Inter-Authority Investigation Of Vulnerable Adult Abuse. This protocol with mention to s3.8 of No Secrets ( 2000 ) and National Assistance Act 1948 LAC ( 93 ) 7, clarified the duty and actions of the host and puting local governments with respects to safeguarding. In the instance of Mr A, although the residential place contacted Ashire, it would be the duty of Countyshire, as the host local authorization, to take the lead in safeguarding processs. However, a nexus individual from Ashire would be invited to go to any grownup protection scheme meeting, if it is the local authorization funding his adjustment, as it would still be expected to hold a responsibility of go oning attention for Mr A ( 2004: 1-2 ) . In 2005, ADASS published Safeguarding Adults, supplying a national model for good pattern in grownup protection work, including giving clear clip frames, multi bureau working and inside informations of duties ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ; Brammer, 2010 ) . Whilst following safeguarding processs it is of import for the local authorization to maintain to the Data Protection Act, 1998. However, No Secrets states, It is inappropriate for bureaus to give confidences of absolute confidentiality in instances where there are concerns about maltreatment, peculiarly in those state of affairss when other vulnerable people may be at hazard ( 2000: 24 ) . A unfavorable judgment of the No Secrets policy is that vulnerable grownups are defined as people in demand of community attention services who are unable to protect themselves from abuse so it does non take into consideration people who do non necessitate community attention services ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ) . Safeguarding Adults model introduced the term safeguarding and moved off from the description of protection and vulnerable ( Brayne and Carr, 2010 ) . ADASS defined Safeguarding Adults as, This phrase means all work which enables an grownup who is or may be eligible for community attention services to retain independency, wellbeing and pick and to entree their human right to populate a life that is free from maltreatment and disregard ( 2005: 5 ) . Using the ADASS definition, the vulnerable grownups in this instance, would be Mr A, and all the other occupants in the residential place, given his current and old behavior. As Mr A is shacking at a private residential attention place, the place, along with the local authorization, will be regulated by The CSA, 2000, supported by National Minimum Standards. Standard 18 of the NMS provinces that the registered individual at the attention place demands to guarantee that service users are safeguarded from maltreatment ( Clements and Thompson, 2007 ; Brammer, 2010 ) . The registered individual and perchance other attention staff from the place would, hence, be invited to the safeguarding scheme meeting. Under the Care Homes Regulations 2001, it is the duty of the attention place registered individual to inform the Care Quality Commission ( CQC ) of any suspected maltreatment ( Brammer, 2010 ) . Hampshire County Council Safeguarding Policy states that although the CQC should be informed and invited to a safeguarding scheme meeting, it is non routinely necessary for them to go to ( 2010: 52 ) . However, following the CQC Safeguarding Protocol Procedures they should supply any relevant information for the meeting ( 2010: 11 ) . Safeguarding Adults model provide counsel on constabulary engagement ; if a offense is alleged to hold taken topographic point so they should be involved every bit shortly as possible and make up ones mind whether they will be taking action ( 2005: 34 ) . However, as Mr A has committed no offense, the constabulary may non necessitate to be invited to a scheme meeting. The care-co-ordinator, head-shrinker and GP for Mr A would be invited to go to a scheme meeting ( Dorset For You, 2007 ) . If a safeguarding appraisal scheme is decided at the scheme meeting, Mr A, as he is deemed to hold mental capacity, could besides be involved with the appraisal procedure and his positions taken into history. However, Countyshire must move to continue the human rights of all citizens and as other occupants potentially are at hazard, this responsibility will take precedency ( ADASS, 2005 ) . The instance of Mr A has shown that although local authorization societal services have a legal responsibility and duty to supply, fund and safeguard the most suited attention, this is a complex undertaking affecting an apprehension of overlapping and conflicting duties, from a broad scope of primary statute law, secondary statute law, waies, counsel and instance Torahs ( Wilson et al, 2008 ) . The instance of Mr A supports the Law Commission s current work to make, under one act, a consistent legal model for the proviso of grownup societal attention similar to the Children Act, 1989 ( Law Commission, 2010 ) . Word Count: 2196

Tom Brennan notes Essay Example

Tom Brennan notes Essay Example Tom Brennan notes Essay Tom Brennan notes Essay Toms letter- sentences- maybe you could go to a councilor or talk to someone outside of the family to help you cope Its not your fault mum, you did nothing wrong to cause this I feel Like kylie is punching me away, the whole family changed. We are all here when the time comes, when you are ready to start again. I miss the way our family was before the accident. I am making friends with the guys on the football team, they are a nice bunch of blokes. You are missing out on so much of my life and it hurts that you dont care. Chapter 4 His legs had wasted to long pieces of bone wrapped in shiny skin. (p. 61) If I was Fin- Maybe Itll come back, first my toes then my legs. What if it doesnt though? Daniel didnt know what he was doing, but he still conscious and hes the only one I can blame. I dont think I can forgive him. What am I going to do with my life now? I cant play footy, cricket, swim, and even write. Ive got future of endless misery for trying to help my mate. Why me? Chapter 5- Tom Is really upset by Daniels behavior towards him at the beach. Write his diary entry for that day. The silence. The darkness. Vive seen it before, the night of the crash. I saw the anger in his eyes. Man sometimes Daniel annoys me It haunts my memories even today The moment I saw him my heart sunk Memories that make me hurt make me want to cry We were able to have able of a Joke and a laughs together, but It wants the same It never will be. Im always In danger when Im with Daniel. Daniel would be so but better without his temper. Daniel likes his privacy, I shouldnt have told Brendan. He always takes his anger out on me He kept me under the water for ages. I thought I was going to die. Chapter 6- Activity: Discuss whether Kylies reaction to her situation is the way most teenagers would 0 respond. Discuss how the class would have dealt with Tees. Could Tom have done anything Tot help her? Activity 1- All Individuals react In a different way, there Is no average way to respond to hidden away; others block it out and move on. In her situation where she meets new friends and Just tries to start a new life to fit in and forget I think its a healthier way to respond even though the rebellious attitude she has adopted is impacting on her and others negatively she is at least confronting it. Activity 2- In this situation Tom could have tried to help and become more understanding but he himself is trying to find a way to deal with his emotions and past. Chapter 7- Activities: You are a psychologist who has been assigned to help Tees in the days following The accident. Write the report you would make on her emotional state. Discuss Tallboys recommendations should Daniel have pleaded guilty or not Guilty? Activity 1- Tees has seen the stages of denial, remorse, sadness and uncertainty. Her progress has been negative as she tries to get a grasp on what has happened and how the community is responding as days before the accident her family was respected and liked. Now they face the families and friends of the 2 children her son had killed. Activity 2- Considering the statements that the witnesses made the options for denials plead were restricted. To face the court and have an honest testament the court would see his remorse and character before his actions maybe giving him a better option for his future. If he pleads not guilty and the evidence is against him the sentence will be much larger, the families inflicted will be angrier and the character of Daniel will be compromised. Chapter 8- In small groups, compare Tom how is emotionally at this stage with how he was at the beginning of the story. Is there any change? At the beginning of the story he was cared and confused as he was pushing his car out the driveway to escape the gaze of the neighbors. This is slightly contrasted with his more developed character by chapter 8 where he starts to put things together and realize why everything happened. He is still emotionally unstable because of the event and what had happened to him, his family and the community but his understanding and progression of the realization of it seems to be developing through the next few chapters. He now takes control, gets along with life, accepting yet still hiding and burying it below his new life. Gets back into footy ND running, his old life. JOURNEY INTO THE WORLD) My short Journey to next year. At this stage in my life with study, work, social life, hobbies, adulthood and other interests its hard to hold it all on one plate, to balance the workload and find the priorities. The Journey mainly involves study up until the end of the HAS hopefully, if I can find a routine and beyond that its all about work, friends, alcohol and parties. Len- between those I should be looking into my future as fair as nun and career goes but at the moment my main concerns are on going well in school but not forgetting the things that make me happy. Although all these things are most important for my study, work, school and sleep. To still have a sense of adventure in-between all the hassles of senior life. Chapter 9 the legend of the Brenna Brothers In the last 2 years these two remarkable brothers have almost carried their footy team towards the win. Along with the help of their teammates and rivals to motivate them they have blown away the competition with their brotherly instinct out on the field. They say the strongest bond is love, but there is one stronger than Just love, love and brotherhood. In the recent season that has Just passed the two have said heir intention for the next season, to make it a trisects, no team has done it before and I have, their family has and the community has high expectations for their future. Chapter II- 6 lines on reasonable assumption It wasnt a reasonable assumption by tom but because of his state of mind in the time this line was said its understandable. He didnt take into account the opinions and perspectives of the people in the town and his familys view of how they should react. It was more of an emotional response than a conscious one, making the reaction usually more heated and unstable. Lines on a discussion of dawns future. For Daniel I believe his future is looking to be that of progressive. From the news of his condition in goal and how he is helping other inmates he is already on the way to his new life outside of goal. I believe that his journey will have foundations around his family and final maintenance by the people he posit ions himself around. Chapter 12 6 lines to say I dont think it is fair for the whole family to be blamed for Daniels actions but that is the reality with their circumstance in their community. I think from what has been stated up to this point that the blame shouldnt go towards the whole family. That is what one persons downfall. Although I think it shouldnt be shared by the family its almost better that way so we can see the development and reaction of each individual character. Chapter 13 Kylie speech Good morning my fellow Chill classmates. Today I am going to talk to you about a very serious Chapter 14 Journal entries. (3) Journal entry 1- Going out for dinner, I thought itll be a change from eating hard boiled meatloaf all joining us though. Crisis, the goddess who walked among us. I was so nervous. The start of the night went salamander, I was interrupted naked and burnt as I was herring, but in a way it was good. The rest of the night went well, Just Jokes and laughs. Id forgotten all about my nervousness of the glistening beauty of Crisis and it Just seemed like it was a normal dinner with mates. It was an amazing night, seemed like old times, Entry 2- Heading off to the footy camp I had very low expectations for the resulting week but it didnt mean we couldnt have a bit of a social thing. These boys couldnt catch a cold but it started out to be a lot of fun. I tried teaching them a few moves that Daniel and I use to do, killer tactics they were but it didnt work out. I was beginning to get bait upset because from the years past footy camps were all about learning new things, refining our skills and fitness. This excuse for a gathering was mostly the opposite. My attitude must have been showing because dad pulled me over and started to have a word. Entry 3- After dad had a very meaning full conversation, he almost had a tear in his eye. For the next 4 days I worked those boys through all the training runs Dan and I use to do, teaching them new tricks and refining their skills as much as I could. After the conversation dad made me realize that the game wasnt all about winning and eating the shield but doing it as a team and enjoying it. Tom b- 1st person flash backs non- chromo accident obstacles- mother, kylie sport/girlfriend transition change, obstacles, transformation, responsibility, choice, identity. ROT- the kings of summer Tommy B Chapter 16- He was on a self-destruct mission. (p. 229) In a class discussion students could share ideas on this topic. Do they believe that Daniels parents should have been also charged for taking a passive resistance towards his behavior? What could have been done to help Daniel prior to the accident? Are liquor laws the same for underage drinking in all countries? What influence do friends have when someone is going off the rails? Question 1- no I dont. They were having a hard ti me controlling their sons behavior like many parents do around the same age as Dan. It is completely understandable and excusable. Question 2 taken a deep breath, and thought about what has happened. Maybe taken a walk to relax and sweat the alcohol out, sober up. Question 3 no, some countries take it very seriously having harsh penalties such as probation and steep fines. Australia is quite relaxed about the matter and consider it within our culture I believe. Although this is my opinion there are still Judges and officers that take it very seriously and go beyond the laws to teach the offended a lesson. Question 4 depends what sort of attitude and frame of mind they are in. If they are negotiable and sociable friends can have a very big influence. Calming them down or sometimes heating the situation. But while they are totally negotiable friends advice can be easily deflected. Chapter 17- The siren rang for full-time, the score still 9-7 but you wouldve thought we were the winners. (p. 251) Activity 1 Students are to write a sporting column for a local newspaper describing the match. Vive got to ring him. (p. 253) Activity 2:0 What would Tom have said to Matt? Working in pairs, write a script of this phone call. Activity 1- One of the most intimidated matches for the season Chapter 18- l think Ill call you Harvey, she crooned. Because Saint Harvey was famous for his miracles.

Microbiology Unknowns Lab Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microbiology Unknowns Lab Report - Essay Example Spurious results may be obtained in some cases that departs from the expected norms for a particular species, may be attributed to strain differences within the given species. The unknown samples are required to be handled with care and precision. Identification procedures adopted, identified four bacterial species in the unknown samples, they are: Enterococcus faecalis, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes Microorganisms are ubiquitous and they provide benefit or show their harmful impact on the human/ animal or plant population in varied ways. The body of knowledge that has accrued since these early years has been instrumental in making clinical microbiology a major component of laboratory or diagnostic medicine. It is essential to have an understanding towards these microorganisms for this isolation and identification of these infectious pathogens is imperative. This understanding aids in rapid diagnosis and treatment of the disease, prudently, intelligently and rapidly. Many experiments are being carried out that have relevance with their application in the clinical microbiology. These experiments encompass, isolation and identification of unknown cultures, the use of selective and differential media and various biochemical tests used to separate and identify various microorganisms (Messeley, 2003). The first step to onset the experiment is to perform Gram staining procedure. This segregates the gram positive and gram-negative organisms. This is followed by the streak-plating to observe the colony characteristics. The next step is the use of selective media for the preparation of pure cultures followed by the performance of biochemical tests. The present study was performed to apply all the methodologies learnt in the microbiology laboratory class designed for the detection of an unknown bacterium (Messeley, 2003). Prepare Nutrient agar broth subculture of unknown sample and refrigerate

Math portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Math portfolio - Essay Example In addition, it will be also checked that what happen if no further doses is given to malaria patient over a week period after an initial dose of 10 ÃŽ ¼g. From The graph of the given data, it is obvious that the amount of drug in the bloodstream decreases as the time passes. From investigation, it is found that it is similar to the graph of an exponential decay function (for example radioactive decay graph). The general equation of such an exponential decay function is: From the above function, the different values of can be determined for the given data that is summarized in table 2. Since, there are different values of for every data points, therefore, for our model function taking average value (mean value) of from the calculated values of ,. Figure 2 shows the Graph of model function and data given. From figure 2 , it can be seen that the graph of model function and data given are similar and approximately follows the same path. Some minor deviations may be because of the error in colleting the data for the amount of drug in the bloodstream over a period. The model functionis suitable for the modeling of amount of the drug in the bloodstream. The suitability of the model function is also derived from the comparison of the graph of model function and data given and both are similar. From given graph of amount of drug in the bloodstream for 10-hour period following an initial dose of 10 ÃŽ ¼g, it can be seen that amount of drug remained in the bloodstream after six-hour period is equal to 3.7 ÃŽ ¼g. Therefore, in six-hour period the amount of drug decay is 6.3 ÃŽ ¼g. Assuming this decay-rate is constant for further period, when a patient is instructed to take 10 ÃŽ ¼g of this drug every six hours. Then, the amount of drug at start and at end of each period will be as given in table 3. The maximum amount of drug 21.1 ÃŽ ¼g in the bloodstream will be at start of fourth period (i.e. 18-24 hour period) and the minimum amount of drug 3.7 ÃŽ ¼g in

Igor Primoratz and Radical Feminists Sexuality Essay Example for Free

Igor Primoratz and Radical Feminists Sexuality Essay Rape is to be quite frank, the lowest and most demeaning act a man can do to a woman. Most would say that rape is physically forcing a woman to engage in a sexual act against her will. Radical feminists take a hard stance against this and believe most â€Å"normal† sex is to be included when discussing rape. Feminists argue that the very social fiber of our society in which there is inequality of men and women needs to be changed. Men use sex as a form of control, a way to oppress women. Consent becomes irrelevant as women are not on equal ground. Feminists, who want legitimate sex, say that to have such would require major change in the social position of women. Catherine A Mackinnon says that’s in our society sexuality is â€Å"a social construct of male power: defined by men, forced on women, and constructive of the meaning of gender.† She believes that all sex ranging from normal consensual sex, prostitution to pornography, and sexual harassment and rape is all showcasing the dominance of women by men. Women are often engaging in sex that they do not feminists argue that even with consent women will agree to sex for the purpose of pleasing a man, or to improve social acceptance.   When a woman has sex with a man and does not want it, when she acts under compulsion, Feminists argue that this is rape. Morgan states â€Å"Rape exists any time sexual intercourse occurs when it is not being initiated by the woman out of her own genuine affection and desire.† Feminists claim that sure they may not be under the threat of a knife to the throat but they are nonetheless threatened and as such these situations can be called rape. Such acts may not fall under the same umbrella as what is known as traditional rape, it is rape just the same. Wertheimer points out that a sexual offense is basically nonconsensual touching or bodily contact. This type of touching does not necessarily have to be violent and does not need to involve one penetrating the other. Another form would involve a violent assault or battery. Thirdly would be threats of violence. Finally a sexual assault may be from a fear of harms from penetration. These are all real forms of rape, not the type of rape that is expressed by the views of Radical Feminists. One must ask, are these statement made by Radical feminists truly in line with what is a sexual offense? Feminists also state, that woman who are coerced into sex albeit not physically threatened but by means of say threats to end a relationship, threats to find another lover, threats about how he feels about her and such are all forms of coercion. Thus, they are all forms of rape. In order for women to feel completely comfortable and make sex moral, they must be free of all forms of coercion. The problem with all this is that in our lives we are constantly coerced into things we may not want to do. Is this to say that all judgments or situations, in which one is coerced is therefore morally unacceptable? Primoratz says quite nicely that â€Å" every extrinsic consideration that gets us to do something is to count as coercion into doing it, and if we are truly free only in those actions we do for own sake, then we are all coerced in most of what we do and unfree most of the time.† Another problem is that sex that can used for the purposes of monetary gain, power, or social stature can all be seen as immoral even if both parties have agreed on consent. But this is not merely a problem blamed on the males of today, females do it too. For all sorts of different reasons than the ones Primoratz listed. Some may do it for drugs, alcohol, clothes, or other petty items. Point is, sex is a tool used by both men and women alike. So all sexually activity can not be morally acceptable while men and women are socially and economically unequal? So all people should be on equal ground before they can engage in a legitimate sexual relationship? It is near impossible to achieve such a situation in a capitalistic society. It is not unreasonable to have sex for the simple enjoyment of it. Why must there be a deeper meaning? It is ok to objectify both him and her in the act of sex, for the sole purpose of mutual ends. Wertheimer tells us when one should consent to sexual relations and uses Susan Moller Okin to state â€Å"justice applies to some interfamilial issues, such as the control of economic resources and the distribution of household labor, does justice also apply to sex?† Wertheimer implies that is acceptable for a husband to want sex and that it may not be something the wife wants at that time or that often but is she obliged to serve her man? Are his needs and her wanting to satisfy his needs more important than her need to not want sex? He sort of tip toes around it and doesn’t give a definitive answer. The argument as it pertains to movies is quite obvious, sure the wife or husband may be willing to put aside their urge to watch a certain movie but would the same issues be relevant to sex? Wertheimer describes what most of us refer to as â€Å"make-up sex†. That couples sometimes use such a moment to reaffirm their desire to demonstrate that their relationship is strong and not succumbing to the issues of a meaningless fight. Wertheimer definitely objectifies women and makes it seem as though they are the ones who must comply with their man’s needs. He uses his words wisely and states at the end â€Å"It might be argued that it is not merely that love can coexist with justice, but that to love another person is to want to be fair to them, or, more precisely, to ant to not to be unfair to them, for to love someone is typically to want to be more than fair to them, to be generous.†

A New Vision of Science :: Science Scientific Papers

A New Vision of Science ABSTRACT: Traditional convictions regarding science (such as universalism, necessity and eternal validity) are currently in doubt. Relativism seems to destroy scientific claims to rationality. This paper shows a way to keep the traditional convictions of scientific knowledge while acknowledging relativism. With reference to the practicing scientist, we replace descriptivism with constructivism; we modify relative validity with the claim to understanding; and, we offer methodological strategies for acquiring understanding. These strategies we call strangification, which means taking a scientific proposition system out of its context and putting it in another context. We can thus see the implicit presuppositions of the given proposition system by means of the problems arising out of the application of this procedure. Such a change in the understanding of science holds important consequences. There is a personal background for the new understanding of science I am proposing in this article. These ideas that are now comprised within the notion Constructive Realism have been developed over the last twenty years during interactions and in cooperatio with other scientists. Now I am giving them my voice for a couple of short arguments why this new understanding isneeded today. It should be mentioned that the dialogue with my former friends from the Vienna Circle hs, to some extent, been important in this process. The Vienna Circle was so complex and encompassed so many different ideas that some traces of what I am argueing can be found there. Presently, however, my own understanding of sciencehas departed crucially from what is usually considered as the Vienna Circle's stance toward science. Without being aware of it, the Vienna Circle was the last great attempt for a rational metaphysics of science. It was trying to establish a correspondence of purified human mind with the w orld. Probably, this is why they argued so sharply against traditional, i.e. irrational metaphysics. Contrary to the declared position of most of the Vienna Circle's members, however, Constructive Realism does not struggle against metaphysics. I appreciated very much the example of Erwin Schrà ¶dinger because it has wonderfully shown in which degree a scientist is influenced by his metaphysical background. Checking the bckgound of scientific doing one is getting a lot of impressions about metaphysical world.comcepts, metaphysical concepts of knowledge etc. If we lay aside our apprehension to touch metaphysics, science can even bepushed forward by it. In fact we should have many metaphysics. They are offereing unusual perspectives and this is exactly what science needs to progress.

The Spanish Inquisition

The Spanish Inquisition was a controversial time primarily during the 15th century. However, it kept reoccurring during other parts of history rather than only in the 15th century. There were many different methods used in which non-Christians would be tortured. Sometimes, the wrong people would be tortured if they believed that the person they were torturing really wasn’t Christian. The torturing of people because of their religion is what makes the Spanish Inquisition such a disturbing and dark part of history. The reason for the Spanish Inquisition was because the Christians conquered Spain again, which led to the Christians forcing non-Christian people, such as Jews, to convert to Christianity. Any non-Christian who refused to convert to Christianity would be prosecuted and tortured using different methods such as starvation, strappado, racking and many other forms of torture. In 1478, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castile established the Spanish Inquisition. The reason the inquisition was established was because Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castile wanted to unite Spain. The Spanish Inquisition could help economically because money could be made by stealing property from accused heretics. Another reason for the Spanish Inquisition is because Ferdinand and Isabelle believed that Spain could be united under Christianity. Also, Ferdinand and Isabelle discriminated against Jews simply because they were anti-Semites. The first Inquisitors arrived in Seville in 1480 to abolish heresy. Heresy is a belief or opinion that is contrary to an orthodox religious doctrine (especially Christianity). Many Spanish Jews were forced to convert to Christianity and some of them converted by choice. There were different sentences for those found guilty of heresy. If you were found guilty of heresy, then your property would be confiscated and you would be burned to death. There would be public humiliation for those found guilty at the auto da fe, which is the ceremony where the heretic would be burned to death. The time of the greatest influence during the Spanish Inquisition was under the reigns of Philip II and Philip III. This time period occurred in 1569-1621. The Inquisition had suffered previous to this time period because of a lack of direction under Charles V, who ruled from 1517-1556. But, during the reign of Philip II, there eventually became 16 tribunals in Spain, two tribunals in Italy and three in the New World. The Inquisition greatly expanded its prosecution of many different religious crimes. Ordinary Spaniards were drawn into the tribunals as well as Protestants, conversos, Moriscos and foreigners. There was detailed questioning even to people who most likely didn’t commit heresy. These people would be fined one or two ducats, which was considered a very heavy fine. The tribunals relied on unpaid officials. First, there were the two networks of familiars and camisarios. The familiars were laymen charged with carrying messages, arresting suspects and delivering them to the Inquisition. The comisarios were priests who assisted in the gathering of evidence at the local level. Calificadores would advise the inquisitors about the accusations to whether someone was a heretic or not. There was a cruel way in which the Inquisition functioned. Possible heretics weren’t treated like in today’s standards mostly because the phrase â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† wasn’t followed. First, there was the accusation. When the Inquisition arrived in a city, the first step was known as the Edict of Grace. It was called this because a period of grace was offered to the people accused of a crime to bring the accused person to the church without severe punishment. Next, there was the detention. The case would be examined by the calificadores would determine if there was heresy involved. Many cases lasted up to two years before the calificadores examined the case. The property of the prisoner would be taken during detention. This property would be used to pay for expenses and the own costs and maintenance of the person being accused. The entire process was done with much secrecy. The trial process is after the detention process. The trial consisted of a series of hearings. The denouncers and defendants both gave their testimonies. Torture was used until the defendant would confess. The torture used was very unsystematic. It was applied mainly to those suspected of Judaism and Protestantism. Torture would even be applied regardless of a person’s age. Basically even children and elderly people would be tortured. Torture played a major role in the Spanish Inquisition. There were many different methods of torture. One method of torture was strappado. Strappado was when the victims would be suspended from the ceiling by their wrists. The victim would fall from a height and be stopped by an abrupt jerk right before they reach the ground. Another method of torture was starvation in which the person accused of heresy would be starved. Racking was also used. A rack was an instrument of torture consisting of a frame on which the victim was stretched by turning rollers to which the wrists and ankles were tied. Toca was a method of making the victim believe they were drowning by putting a cloth in their mouth and pouring a jar of water in their mouth.