Exploring Girls Participation in Violence Essay -- Exploratory Resear

Exploring Girls Participation in ViolenceIntroductionY let onh violence, and particularly violence carried out by girls, has been the subject of intense media attention recently, with an ever-increasing number of girls portrayed as carrying guns in their mouths and participating in violent crime. Although the percentage of girls involvement in criminality and crime has increased in the last two decades, it is still far below the level of boys involvement, and it differs quite signifi sesstly. There is a paucity of literature on girls violence, as most research on youth violence does not distinguish between girls and boys. The most comprehensive and extensive literature reviews on issue womens crime and iniquity have been conducted by Meda Chesney-Lind and her associates. While not focusing exclusively on violent girls, their work on girls in trouble with the legality provides much insight into the complex issue of girls aggression and violence. The summary of research in this bri ef is, for the most part, guided by their work. Overall, the brief reviews the extent of girls delinquency and violence, the ways they differ from boys, the contributing factors, and effective program strategies to prevent female delinquency. The Scope of Girls Delinquency, Crime, and Violence The Extent of Girls Involvement An understanding of the extent of girls delinquency can be gleaned from statistics, as compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and other official agencies, and from self-report surveys conducted with young people. These data demonstrate that girls are far less probable than boys to be arrested in 1994, for example, girls accounted for one-fourth of youthful arrests (Chesney-Lind & Brown... ...s in the Maryland juvenile justice system. Findings of the Female Population Taskforce. Presentation to the Gender Specific Services Training, Minneapolis, MN. Moore, J.W., & Hagedorn, J.M. (1996). What happens to girls in the gang? In C.R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America (pp. 205-20). Thousand Oaks, CA Sage. Rankin, J.H. (1980). School factors and delinquency Interaction by age and sex. Sociology and Social Research, 64(3), 420-434. Tolan, P., & Guerra, N. (1994). What works in reducing adolescent violence An empirical review of the field. Boulder University of Colorado, Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence. Webster, D.W., Gainer, P.S., & Champion, H.R. (1993). Weapon carrying among inner-city junior high school students Defensive fashion versus aggressive delinquency. American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1604-1608.

The Effects Of Video Game Violence On Human Aggression Essay -- Violen

Throughout a number of recent studies, participants playing violent telly games have consistently shown increases in their in-your-face behavior, both during and after(prenominal) the gameplay. A study that linked violent video games to child aggression ground that in every group they tested, Children who were exposed to to a greater extent video game violence did become more aggressive over time than their peers who had less exposure (Harding 1). An increase in aggressive behavior after playing violent video games is quite common in most cases, although many gamers would argue that other factors, such as peoples emotions, reasonableness this negative change in behavior. This reveals numerous questions surrounding the effects that video game violence might have on a person. Will a high degree of violent content in a video game mean that the frequent user will exhibit a greater degree of aggression and violent towards others in their daily lives? (Janushewski & Truong 1). Playing violent video games not only causes an increase in antisocial behavior entirely also leads to a decrease in prosocial behavior (Greitemeyer, Osswald 212).Aggressive behavior is defined as intentional behavior produced to cause physical harm or humiliation to another person who wishes to avoid the harm (Baron & Richardson, 1994). Social science has come to understand aggression as mainly socially learned (Bandura, 1965 Bandura Ross, & Ross, 1961) (Ferguson 70). Anderson et al. (2010) found that video game violence can cause a significant increase in aggressive behavior in the short run, after playing a game once, and in the long run, after consistently playing (Rowell 180). Increased behavioral aggression in the short run due to video game violence appears to be inevitable, ... ... 6, 2011, from http//articles.cnn.com/2008-11-03/health/healthmag.violent.video.kids_1_violent-video-video-games-game-genres/2?_s=PMHEALTHJanushewski, D, Truong, M. (1999). Video games and vi olence. Socserv.mcmaster.ca. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from .Jeroen, L, M.Sc., J., Bushman, &, A. Konijn. (2006). Rapid communication The appeal of violent video games to lower meliorate aggressive adolescent boys from two countries. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(5), 638-641.Rowell, H. (2010). Nailing the coffin shut on doubts that violent video games stimulate aggression Comments on Anderson et al. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 179-181.Williams, K. (2005). The effects of frustration, violence, and trait antipathy after playing a video game. Mass Communication and Society, 12, 291-310.

The Satire of Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

The Satire of Animal Farm   Orwells book, Animal Farm, is full of satire. This satire is Orwells way of communicating problems and resolutions. The chief(prenominal) message in Animal Farm is that power cannot be divided equally. There will neer be equality for all. Once power is obtained it is continuously abused, and power causes all to think as the attraction does. Equality does not exist, for it is impossible for everyone to be equal.   There will forever be a leader and there will always be followers, and they will never be equal. A society in which all are equal will never exist because people will have different opinions on the way that the society should be run. This arrangement would have worked well enough if it had not been for the disputes between Snowball and Napoleon. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible.   Snowball and Napoleon are battling for control of the farm, they both want to be the leader because they notice t hat the leader has the most privileges. The animals that are in charge, the pigs, do less work than the other animals. All that year the animals worked like slaves. The title of leader is highly want after, because the leader tells everyone what to do without actually having to work. The pigs not only do less work but they receive more food. Once again all the rations were reduced, pretermit those of the pigs and the dogs. The fact that the pigs receive more food than the other harder working animals, shows that the farm is full of inequality. This type of governing is wrong, and Orwell wants it to stop. Less power should be given to the leader, so that the leader and his followers can be more equal. Once a group or an individual obtains power, it is impossible to manage it correctly.   The leader will always take advantage of his power. Power causes the leader to bear decisions, that will only better himself. ... Boxer was being sent to the knackers. The pigs killed an anim al just so that they could make some money. The power led them to this decision, they could kill Boxer, make some money, and no one would ever find out. Everyone has heard about the luxuriousen rule whoever has the gold makes the rules. This applies to

Science Essay -- essays research papers fc

For some people scientific discipline is the supreme form of all knowledge. Is this view reasonable or does it involve a misunderstanding of science or of knowledge?For many persons science is considered the supreme form of all knowledge, as science is based on facts and theories and it reaches its results through an approved scientific method. Consequently, it seems to be objective and thereof more truthful and reliable. However, other persons argue that this is a misunderstanding of science. Hence, one should question what science and knowledge entail. Can there genuinely be some form of knowledge that overrules all other types of human knowledge? Is scientific knowledge actually always objective? Are there other types of knowledge of equal worth? This essay will discuss the views presented mainly using examples from biology and narrative and comparing them to the different ways of knowing, i.e. perception, reasoning, emotion and language to try and reach a conclusion on wheth er scientific knowledge really is a higher(prenominal) form of knowledge.Firstly, before attempting to discuss the topic at hand, it is important to define the terminations knowledge, science and supreme. According to Websters Encyclopaedic mental lexicon knowledge is defined as the acquaintance with facts, truths, or principles gained by sight, experience, or investigation1. Science is a branch of knowledge that has purpose to describe, explain, understand, investigate, predict, and control2. The term supreme is defined as the highest in rank, authority, and/or quality3. Now, to put these definitions in context, one must recognise that scientific knowledge, to have the status of the highest in authority and quality, it has to be reliable and consistent with reality. And since scientific knowledge is based upon investigations and observations of the environment around us (i.e. reality), it must be supreme. However, what can be questioned is the peak of supremacy within different t ypes of sciences, and in this essay the comparison will be limited to one natural science (biology) and one social science (history).Biology could be considered the supreme form of knowledge, as a large proportion of what we know is based upon observations and investigations of the world around us, thus inductive reasoning. lets consider the example of organs in living organisms its a scientific fact that most living org... ... our perceptions, way of reasoning, and the language used, thus the scientific knowledge we have created is also subjective.Bibliography BooksAbel, Reuben. Man Is the Measure. New York The Free Press, 1976.Acton, Edward. Rethinking the Russian Revolution. Arnold Publishers, 1990.Pipes, Richard. Den Ryska Revolutionen. Stockholm Natur och Kultur, 1990.DictionariesWebsters Encyclopaedic Unabridged Dictionary of the position Language. 1989, Gramerce Book, New York.1 Websters Encyclopaedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989, Gramerce Book, New Y ork. p. 792.2 Abel, Reuben. Man Is the Measure. New York The Free Press, 1976. p. 823 Websters Encyclopaedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989, Gramerce Book, New York. p. 1430.4 Pipes, Richard. Den Ryska Revolutionen. Stockholm Natur och Kultur, 1990. p. 1615 Acton, Edward. Rethinking the Russian Revolution. Arnold Publishers, 1990. p. 2386 Abel, Reuben. Man Is the Measure. New York The Free Press, 1976. p. 82 Copyright 2005 Cassandra Flavius (FictionPress ID375156). All rights reserved. Distribution of any kind is prohibited without the written consent of Cassandra Flavius.

Using Language Interpreters in Counseling Essay -- Communication, Lang

In counseling language is the main therapeutic tool utilize by clinicians. In order to decently diagnose and treat a client the client needs to be able to communicate what they are feeling and what symptoms they are experiencing. Clients whose second language is incline may require an interpreter because many social workers or counselors only cover English. Many of the populations that social workers or counselors work with in therapy, are each not fluent in English or do not speak English and therefore require the use of an interpreter. The use of an interpreter in counseling can be seen as either an advantage or disadvantage depending on the quality of the interpreter and which type of interpretation model is used (Freed, 1988). This paper will look at the use of an interpreter in counseling and what interpretation model is the most effective. The theoretical approach used to explore the use of interpreters in counseling was a culturally grounded approach. According to Marsiglia and Kulis (2009) a culturally grounded approach embraces diversity and multiculturalism and also promotes a change that improves an individual or a groups quality of life (p. 102-103). Farooq and Fear (2003) state that counseling is a social service that has been shown to need a culturally efficient staff and the use of a culturally competent staff improves the quality of service the client receives. Social services are not always culturally competent (Marsiglia & Kulis, 2009). A culturally grounded approach in the research of the use of interpreters in counseling looks at how interpreters improve counseling service provided to clients who either speak English as a second language or do not speak English. The use of a culturally grounded a... .... (2003). running(a) through interpreters. journal of ProfessionalDevelopment, 9(2), 104-109. doi10.1192/apt.01.12Freed, A. O. (1988). Interviewing through an interpreter. Social Work, 33(4), 315-319. Retrieved from EBSCOho stMarsiglia, F. F., & Kulis, S. (2009). Social work perspectives Social context, consciousness and resiliency. In T. M. Meenaghan & I. C. Colby (Eds.), Culturally grounded social workdiversity, oppression, and change (87-111). Chicago, Illinois Lyceum Books, Inc.Westermeyer, J. (1990). Working with an interpreter in psychiatric assessment and treatment.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(12), (745-749). doi10.109700005053-199012000-00003Whitsett, M. (2008). Tips for mental health interpretation. Center for Health and Health Care inSchools On-line. Available http//eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED509813.pdf accessed 10/02/2011.

Using Language Interpreters in Counseling Essay -- Communication, Lang

In counseling language is the main therapeutic tool use by clinicians. In order to flop diagnose and treat a client the client needs to be able to communicate what they are feeling and what symptoms they are experiencing. Clients whose second language is slope may require an interpreter because many social workers or counselors only chatter English. Many of the populations that social workers or counselors work with in therapy, are any not fluent in English or do not speak English and therefore require the use of an interpreter. The use of an interpreter in counseling can be seen as either an advantage or disadvantage depending on the quality of the interpreter and which type of interpretation model is used (Freed, 1988). This paper will look at the use of an interpreter in counseling and what interpretation model is the most effective. The theoretical approach used to inquiry the use of interpreters in counseling was a culturally grounded approach. According to Marsiglia and Kulis (2009) a culturally grounded approach embraces diversity and multiculturalism and also promotes a change that improves an individual or a groups quality of life (p. 102-103). Farooq and Fear (2003) state that counseling is a social service that has been shown to need a culturally sufficient staff and the use of a culturally competent staff improves the quality of service the client receives. Social services are not always culturally competent (Marsiglia & Kulis, 2009). A culturally grounded approach in the research of the use of interpreters in counseling looks at how interpreters improve counseling service provided to clients who either speak English as a second language or do not speak English. The use of a culturally grounded a... .... (2003). operative through interpreters. diary of ProfessionalDevelopment, 9(2), 104-109. doi10.1192/apt.01.12Freed, A. O. (1988). Interviewing through an interpreter. Social Work, 33(4), 315-319. Retrieved from EBSCOhostMarsiglia , F. F., & Kulis, S. (2009). Social work perspectives Social context, consciousness and resiliency. In T. M. Meenaghan & I. C. Colby (Eds.), Culturally grounded social workdiversity, oppression, and change (87-111). Chicago, Illinois Lyceum Books, Inc.Westermeyer, J. (1990). Working with an interpreter in psychiatric assessment and treatment.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178(12), (745-749). doi10.109700005053-199012000-00003Whitsett, M. (2008). Tips for mental health interpretation. Center for Health and Health Care inSchools On-line. Available http//eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED509813.pdf accessed 10/02/2011.

Governance Failure at Satyam

Analyzing the first outlook listed above, seems that Astray scandal originated, in first lace, due to a lack of moral and ethical standards from the alliance top management, as well as the board of directors, which put ace over worsened, rather than mitigate, agency conflicts between shareholders and managers. Many were the evidences In this sense, from the bribery charges, that led to a dislodge from the World Bank, to the unsuccessful attempt to acquire a construction and a real state unfalterings owned by the company promoters relatives, in a fade sign of conflict of interests, that was originally approved by the board.In fact, if was not for the whistlers, no en knows how far they would go with the sham. Someone could argue that an exacerbated focus on short performance, the competitive market environment, and consequent pressure from analysts to meet market projections and maintain the company share prices overvalued, motivated the directors to start the results embezzle ment process, pledging to do this to protect the firm from a potential hostile takeover.However, obviously none of these should be an excuse to neglect their duties towards various stakeholders. Besides this, it is difficult to believe that none of hose convolute in the fraud did not earn any personal financial benefit, as stated by Mr.. Raja on his letter. Even that they did not have sold their stocks position, most likely their compensation package was more generous than It should have been, once misrepresented results excelled market expectations through the years.In fact, analyzing the evolution of promoters stake in the company over the years indicates that they enriched at the cost of outside shareholders. Regarding the failures In control functions ? Internal Controls, External Audit and the Board of Directors ? we would analyze each take separately. The internal audit and other internal control functions, such as controllers and compliance, were clearly very ineffective bu t, despite their importance, I will focus the psychoanalysis on the other two levels.From the external auditors perspective, It Is difficult to understand how PWS did not raise any red flag with such an elementary fraud as cash balances misstatement. Any reasonable company would either invest this large cash in projects or distribute as dividends to the shareholders, instead of retaining it. Specifically this vizor could be easily validated through a reconciliation against a statement Independently received from the bank.This is a strong evidence, as the case suggests when set off the increment In audit fees, they were in collusion with company management in executing the fraud. A good practice that could mitigate the risk of this pass by is a mandatory external audit rotation, as determined by Serbians-Solely, Implemented In US after Enron scandal. Finally, the board of directors failed under any aspect of their fiduciary duties loyalty, care and supervision.There are several evidences they were 1 OFF ineffectiveness of the audit committee during the years the fraud took place is one of these evidences. Another one was the prompt approval of the merger proposal without further background check. To prevent these issues, some measures such as to have audit committee composed only with independent directors, and set in place proper channels to report misconduct by anyone in the company could be implemented. Besides, the role of independent directors whitethorn be revised on a regulatory level, expanding civil and criminal liability over those.

Case study digital storytelling

During my 2nd arrangement, put ons from twelvemonth 1/Reception category were analyzing traditional narratives as portion of their literacy scarper of study and had been reading a narrative together every twenty-four hours, so utilizing the texts they read as theoretical accounts for composing their own(prenominal) narratives. The focal standsheesh for the hebdomad s literacy lesson was the invigoration of a fairy tale for their untested subject work at the films OBJ utilizing ICT to show their comp allowe work efficaciously to the undivided school during their Oscars ceremonial. Constructing up to the life lesson tykes had worked in free radicals utilizing a narrative stick to compose, assemble and sequence flushts of their fairytale OBJ on paper with TA support as a Scribe. The narrative created so was transferred to a movie storyboard OBJ telling events in appropriate item deep down eight scenes. Working in groups the focal stage of the larning aims switched to talk ing and listening, to take bends in speech production, relate their separate to what has gone on before, take different positions into history by proposing amendments and giving cause for sentiments and actions suggested to add address to the narrative board, including appropriate modulation, choose words with preciseness, organise what they say whilst focal point on the chief point ( s ) and relevant item to take into history the take ons of their hearers. In readying for the life actiivty, kids were encouraged to visualize the death merchandise of a movie and kids were encouraged to play with the digi puritanic cameras without support, in a elusive scene during taking clip, and they used Steve Bowkett grids to compose narratives whilst half the were being support in compilation and doing reputations and props they needed for their scene. forward that forenoon I had set up three tabular arraies against the w tot tout ensembley so the kids could trap up their background, use t he tabular arraies and bluish tack for set their characters, and the camera blue tacked down so that the kids could non accidently strike gravid the camera and do it to misalign. The digi blue camera so had the laptop computer connected to them and turned/logged on. indeed in the focal point lesson, the lesson aim was introduced to the kids whilst on the rug, and I began by patterning the life single-valued authority. Here I could master the kids were engaged by utilizing the IWB, which was non frequently used, they all turned to confront the board. I demonstrated how you take 30 frames to get down and stressed the vocabulary of frames and takes within the film procedure. Children responded and used I could fulfil were seeking out the words. Here they helped me to number to 30 ( intimately were able to follow the form ) . Then I modeled how you move the character within the scene, taking 4 frames each clip, scribing on the whiteboard adjacent to the IWB the get downing 30 f rames, takes 4 frames etc. for them to mention to when utilizing the computing machines. Here the kids were impatient, showing a deficiency of understanding that the procedure was slow, and I could see that they were still visualising it being kindred to a picture camera. so, I continued to travel the character easy, select foring the kids to come up and take bends to travel the character in amidst takes . Here I saw some of the kids rapidly cottoned on to the procedure and could efficaciously mime what I had modeled. During this, I chose the autistic kid, to guarantee that he stayed engaged, as he does non normally sit for long periods on the rug. He competently participated and so remained focused for the remainder of the debut. To complete the starting motor, I so asked the kids what they think we would make next, here kids guessed that it would leap about, and the category discussed what life would look like. Children s replies were rebuildive that it would be like a sketc h. Once I had shown the category what the finished merchandise looked like I asked the kids to notice on what they had seen.One kid said it was jerked meatOne kid said the character jumpedOne kid said the movie was excessively shortOne kid commented that you could see shadows and light altering. From this, I scribed on the IWB a list of things they had evaluated, and highlighted to the kids of those things to bear in head whilst they were finishing their undertaking.The category was so divided into their groups that had been composing the narrative, here utilizing a TA for each of two groups, and myself for one group.Facilitating the kids with the handling of the computing machine and to mentioning to their storyboard the kids used the storyboard to make the scenes they had sequenced and added action to the characters, inspiring them to their demands. Whilst working with the group, they took bends to run the laptop and travel the characters, during which was assessed by the grownup in their apprehension of the life procedure. I asked the kids, to propose betterments, and used inquiring of what happens following to ease their acquisition. During the lesson, the group started by demoing abject understanding and motive, there was non adequate action to maintain concentration, and were fighting with the construct, traveling the characters without ruling, and there were many custodies within shootings as they did nt tie in the snapshot would sire whatever was shown on the screen. However as they started to see the procedure and had seen their movie start to take form ( a reappraisal characteristic in the mailboat I used to demo them their work so far ) . Then one response kid, fascinated by computing machines moved a character really specifically so I knew that he understood the procedure. The twelvemonth one kid nevertheless was distracted, concentrating in and out when there were undertakings to make. Upon finishing the life, I introduced the group separatel y to the voice narrative characteristic and here the kids held complete attending, discoursing whether to shout the lines they had prepared and how to state them. For the kid in my group with SALT interposition for speech hindrance, this allowed him to talk confidently as non in a group state of affairs and he responded good. Here the group showed consideration for timing, discoursing when the character should quit ruddy equitation goon into the fire.Theoretical Ideas and Assumptions Underliing This Situation.In this lesson I attempted to take the kids s larning off from a traditional literacy undertaking, and supply the kids with a new originative mercantile establishment, particularly for kids with weak authorship or originative accomplishments. The theories underlying this employment I have generalised as those associating to staging, social cognitive interaction and actuating scholars through ICT and centripetal existent life experience.How the Theory of Scaffolding was Us ed in PlaningInstructional staging is used in direction to supply sufficient support to advance larning when a construct or accomplishment is foremost introduced, which, for immature kids, is a day-to-day demand as they determine many new constructs. In this undertaking two different types of Scaffolding Theory ( Bruner ) were used, difficult and soft. Soft staging was used through natural constructions that supported linguistic communication acquisition narrative clip and independent reading of the faery narratives, supplying entree to literacy tools of traditional narrative construction, cardinal phrases, and vocabulary ( Daniels, 1994 ) . beyond the initial linguistic communication acquisition difficult scaffold tools were planned for the kids to utilize to back up the kids through the undertakings whilst larning new constructs, but designed to be impermanent, removed by the kid when they were able to finish the undertaking themselves, distinguishing by result. When composing t heir narrative utilizing the narrative sticks kids were so able to be originative and imaginative with their narrative, altering the sequence/development of the narrative if required. They were encouraged to compose their ain sentences, but besides provided them with pre-printed traditional narrative linguistic communication they could utilize if fighting. Observations by the TAs showed that one kid, underconfident in literacy asked to compose a sentence composed within the group and grownups provided support required for the response kids, largely scribing with the exclusion of one kid who truly wanted to compose. This showed a big motivational difference in certain kids, and an enthusiasm stemming for the quality of the narrative developed with the scaffold support.When the kids were larning the new construct of life, the resources, the motivational undertaking and grownup aid were planned in progress to back up the kids in sing construct of life whilst still concentrating on the speech production and hearing, composing and ICT being assessed. Using life with 5 twelvemonth old kids epitomised the scheme of scaffold, the planned support could ease a attainable result superior to the work their independent attempts could accomplish. By really definition scaffold is to help construct, which the undertaking provided. The films or narratives could hold been every bit completed through moving or marionettes, but the usage of ICT and characteristics such as narrative and particular effects supported kids e.g. less confident and a antheral baby with speech troubles. Using the ICT put into topographic point a impermanent difficult scaffold model, non for the acquisition nonsubjective, but to help pupils with a hard undertaking ( Saye and Brush, 2002 ) and entree the undertaking in a novel and actuating manner. This Technical staging is a newer attack in which computing machines replace the teachers as the experts or ushers, and kids can be guided ( Yelland and Masters, 2007 ) . The activity was designed so that grownup support could be removed if a kid secured an apprehension or could run on their ain ( depending on ability ) . Year one kids and one response kid showed that they were able to utilize the staging of ICT without any demand for grownup intercession, which so defined a degree of understanding and larning within the environment created that exceeded outlooks for kids so immature. This demonstrated success of utilizing scaffold theory, as it was designed to back up any kid of any age/maturity may non be able to pronounce or research larning independently, perfect for a unconnected twelvemonth group category. The ICT and grownup interaction in no manner changed the nature or trouble degree of the undertaking alternatively, the scaffolds provided allow the pupil to successfully finish the undertaking, distinguishing by result. With increasing understanding and harbor, the kids the instructor s degree and type of support change d over clip from directing, to suggestion, to encouragement, to observation, the grownup lending merely to carry the undertaking ( Teale & A Sulzby, 1986 ) . Within these scaffolding events, learning and acquisition, inseparable constituents, stress both the kid s personal building of literacy and the grownup s parts to the kid s underdeveloped apprehensions of print. These supports are bit by bit removed as pupils develop independent acquisition schemes, therefore advancing their ain cognitive, affectional and psychomotor acquisition accomplishments and acquaintance. Blooms taxonomyAlthough ICT provided support scaffold, every bit as is its nature, ICT can hold confining effects, kids so immature needed aid in runing the equipment to get down, rapidly break uping it up, but ICT adds an component of defeat and the custodies in the images, combined with kids picking up the construct of little motions slowed the effectivity of the scaffold, diffused by the grownup support.In Vygo tsky s words, what the kid is able to make in coaction today he will be able to make independently tomorrow ( Vygotsky, 1987, p.A 211 ) .Social and Cognitive Interaction. In add-on, Piaget, Dewey, societal interaction and equal theoretical accounts.The undertaking could non hold been scaffolded wholly nevertheless, as kids had to portion the scaffold in a group scenario, disputing speech production and listening accomplishments, chiefly due to resource and clip restraints. Although group work does, in consequence, supply mutual staging ( Holton and Thomas ) , for kids at the age of 5, I observed that the accomplishments required to work in the environment designed by the undertaking required primal acquisition from the kids to collaboratively work together. In this state of affairs, the group can larn from each other s experiences and cognition sharing the staging between each member, altering invariably as the group worked on the undertaking ( Holton and Clarke, 2006 ) . By util izing the group dynamic and ensuing address, a critical tool to scaffold thought and responding, played a important character in the development of higher psychological procedures ( Luria, 1979 ) the kids had to flexible in sharing their thoughts and decisicons had to be comprismised, and they had to show independent believing to convey thoughts to the groups work ( Bodrova & A Leong, 1996 ) . Using a Vygotsky position, the talk and ensuing action of the group sociocultural cloth of the composing event was able to assist determine the kids s building of consciousness of negociating and compromising towards the concluding merchandise and successful result ( Dorn, 1996 ) . The kids s treatments ranged from whose bend or suggestions to utilizing accounts linked to their cognition of characteristics of traditional narratives. The adults function in the activity was to determine the kid s acquisition by utilizing and accommodating linguistic communication and set vocabulary to conform to the groups understanding Clay ( 2005 ) Whilst measuring chance(a) colloquial exchanges for cognitive development, linguistic communication acquisition, narrative composing for authorship, and reading comprehension. As the kids are non at a secure composing ability, conversations within the societal interaction of the group finishing the undertaking was important in easing productive, constructive, experimental, and development of new thoughts ( Smagorinsky, 2007 ) .Linked to this, Bandura s Social Learning Theory that pile learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and patterning. By blending the ages of the groups between twelvemonth 1 ad response kids, they jointly observed each other s behavior, attitudes, and results in footings of uninterrupted mutual interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. The positive acquisition environment, prosecuting activity and attractive result meant that the twelvemonth one modelled focal point and enagem ent with the undertaking, and their thoughts were all valued, with response kids responding to the same behavior and assurance edifice within the undertaking, theory related to Vygotsky s Social Development Theory and Lave s find out Learning, which besides emphasize the importance of societal acquisition. Equally the undertaking was deisgned so that an grownup could utilize Vygotsky, pupils develop higher-level thought accomplishments when scaffolding occurs with an grownup expert or with a equal of higher capablenesss ( Stone, 1998 ) . Conversely, Piaget believes that pupils discard their thoughts when paired with an grownup or pupil of more expertness ( Piaget, 1928 ) . Alternatively, pupils should be paired with others who have different positions. Conflicts would so take topographic point between pupils leting them to believe constructively at a higher degree.By directing the undertaking focal point on the kids, the traditionally held a transmissionist or instructionist theore tical account in which a instructor or lector transmits information to pupils, the activity used Vygotsky s theory to promotes larning contexts in which pupils play an active function in larning. Functions of the instructor and pupil are hence shifted, as a instructor should join forces with his or her pupils in order to assist ease intending building in pupils. Traveling from the instructor offers degrees of verbal and non-verbal presentations and waies as the kid observes, mimics, or portions the composing undertaking. Learning hence becomes a mutual experience for the pupils and instructor. Once the kids were content to research their work themselves, the functions for the instructor meant that I stepped back from supplying a equal theoretical account, a function for kids to look to for congratulations or pursuit for the right reply, alternatively, the undertaking became steeping for the group, with kids supplying their ain support construction and motive. The More Knowing Other ( MKO ) . The MKO refers to anyone who has a better apprehension or a higher ability degree than the scholar, with regard to a peculiar undertaking, procedure, or construct. The MKO is usually thought of as being a instructor, manager, or older grownup, but the MKO could besides be equals, a younger individual, or even computing machines.The Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) . The ZPD is the distance between a pupil s ability to execute a undertaking under grownup counsel and/or with peer coaction and the pupil s ability work outing the job independently. Harmonizing to Vygotsky, larning occurred in this zone. Whilst come oning their acquisition hold oning the construct and utilizing the ICT, the kids so operated within societal interaction and knowledge. Through joint activities, the instructor scaffolds conversation to maximise the development of a kid s intrapsychological operation. In this procedure, the grownup controls the elements of the undertaking that are beyond the ki d s ability all the piece increasing the outlooks of what the kid is able to make. Dewey non merely re-imagined the manner that the acquisition procedure should take topographic point, but besides the function that the instructor should play within that procedure. Harmonizing to Dewey, the instructor should non be one to stand at the forepart of the room doling out spots of information to be absorbed by inactive pupils. Alternatively, the instructor s function should be that of facilitator and usher.As Dewey ( 1897 ) explains itThe instructor is non in the school to enforce certain thoughts or to organize certain wonts in the kid, but is at that place as a member of the community to choose the influences which shall impact the kid and to help him in decently reacting to these influences ( p. 9 ) .Therefore the instructor becomes a spouse in the acquisition procedure, steering pupils to independently discover intending within the capable country. This doctrine has become an progressi vely popular thought within contemporary instructor preparatory plans.Necessary conditions for effectual modelingAttention assorted factors increase or decrease the sum of attending paid. Includes peculiarity, affectional valency, prevalence, complexness, functional value. One s features ( e.g. centripetal capacities, arousal degree, and perceptual set, past support ) affect attending.Retention retrieving what you paid attending to. Includes symbolic cryptography, mental images, cognitive organisation, symbolic dry run, motor dry runReproduction reproducing the image. Including physical capablenesss, and self-observation of reproduction.Motivation holding a good ground to copy. Includes motivations such as past ( i.e. traditional behaviorism ) , promised ( imagined inducements ) and vicarious ( seeing and remembering the strengthened theoretical account )Motivation Theory, Having a Good Reason to Imitate, Socially Interact and Use Scaffolding to falsify a Successful End Merchan diseOfsted ( 2002 ) besides found that utilizing ICT enhances a lessons intent, a statement evident in other studies ( Becta, 2010, EPI, 2004, Futurelab, 2010 ) . I observed that ICT offered students way to imagine success and thinkable end-points for their work. ( Q28 ) For students, ICT reinforced their apprehension of the intent of their authorship and that the terminal consequence is a show. Becta ( 2007 ) found positive facets such as the possible to make reliable texts for real life intents and audiences provided a motivational and originative hook for the students ( Becta, 2007 ) . ( Q25 s ) Abstract constructs such as ocular literacy are provoke for the kids to research, and as ( Bamford, 2003 ) noted ocular images are prevailing signifier of communicating in the current digital society which kids can associate to. ( Q25b ) Modeling number one of wholly, be what you want them to make This acitivty besides applied many theoreticians combined that believe existent life application and motive must be child centred. For illustration, How Children Learn by pedagogue John Holt, focuses on Holt s interactions with immature kids, and his observations of kids larning that kids learn most efficaciously by their ain motive and on their ain footings. More intircatly the planning did non take to entirely actuate the kids, life is shown to be a important tool for kids as it features and uses many theories to derive the kids s interestingness and initiate attending. John Kellers ARCS Model of Motivational Design proposed that attending can be gained in two ways stimulates wonder by presenting disputing inquiries or jobs to be solved.or to utilize surprise or unsteadily to derive involvement through novel, surprising, incongruous, and unsure events. Animation is a proved method for catching the scholars attending as it includes two really cardinal thoughts larning through experience, i.e. active engagement, hands-on methods, to acquire scholars involved with the topic and variableness resources that account for single differences in larning manners and let a assortment of methods in showing stuff. Again within Kellers ARCS theoretical account utilizing life stimulates relevancy for the activity, ensured as the kids knew they were traveling to watch the picture on the large hall screen, to increase a scholar s motive. Using schemes to foreground the successful result, induced motive to finish a good terminal undertaking, one kid inquiring if twelvemonth 6 were traveling to see it. They could see the nexus between composing their ain narratives and doing their tale reliable. Visually life was easy for younger kids to conceive of the terminal consequence and how they were larning something utile, without them being cognizant of the true larning aim of vaocabulary and narrative construction. To a grade the life undertaking and the untellable power of ICT to redact for kids meatn they became cognizant of the kineticss of accomplishment, ha zard pickings, power, and association. This powerful scheme of Choice, utilizing the scaffolding kids were assured the ability to utilize different methods to prosecute their work or leting pick in how they organize it.The ARCS theoretical account so moves onto assurance, and understanding their likeliness for success, by utilizing scaffolding success was inevitable, all kids knew they could accomplish the result, increasing their assurance and even those necessitating more support were discreetly directed utilizing scaffolding to go an expert. As I had specifically introduced a significance for the work the and the usage of ICT scaffolding provided kids the most hard motivational tool Satisfaction. Learning must be honoring or fulfilling in some manner, whether it is from a sense of accomplishment, congratulations from a superior, or mere amusement. Make the scholar feel as though the accomplishment is utile or good by supplying chances to utilize freshly acquired cognition in a e xistent scene.Evaluation OF LESSONMany research workers even recognition him with the influence of Project Based Learning ( PBL ) which places pupils in the active function of research workers.DISCUSS,CHILDREN MOTIVATIONSCAFFOLD POISTIVEMORE EvaluationChildren learn best when they are non pressured to larn in a manner that is of no involvement to them. For illustration, the first thing all pedagogues should make is measure which type of multiple intelligence pupils possess and Teach and measure them separately on the footing of this.Provide aims and prerequisites concern pupils estimate the chance of success by showing public presentation demands and rating standards. Guarantee the scholars are cognizant of public presentation demands and appraising standards. stick out for success that is meaningful.Turn the Learners Allow for little stairss of growing during the learning procedure.Feedback Provide feedback and support internal ascriptions for success.Learner Control Learner s should experience some grade of control over their acquisition and appraisal. They should believe that their success is a direct consequence of the sum of attempt they have put Forth.Provide feedback and support. When scholars appreciate the consequences, they will be motivated to larn. Satisfaction is based upon motive, which can be intrinsic or extrinsic.Do non sponsor the scholar by over-rewarding easy undertakings.

Why should manager want it in their workforce

The concept of organisational allegiance (OC) is not easy to describe. By get wording the literature on OC it flexs apparent that there is humble consensus as to the meaning of the term.As the area has grown and developed, researchers from various disciplines have ascribed their own meaning to the topic. This is one of the reasons wherefore defining OC is difficult. One definition is Giving all of yourself while at work (Martin and Nicolls). This definition is not very specific nor is it precise. A second definition says that work commitness come into being When a person, by devising a side-bet, links extraneous interests with a consistent line of activity. (Becker, 1960) This definition focuses mainly on activities and behaviour in OC. A third definition explains OC as an emplacement or an orientation towards the organisation which links or attaches the identity of the person to the organisation. (Sheldon, 1971)The two last definitions differ from each former(a) in their consciousness of OC. The second focuses mainly on behaviour while the third is more based on attitude and identification. A good definition should cover the attitudinal- behavioral duality and one definition that does that is Richard T Mowday et als (1982) definitionThis definition represents whatsoever topic more than the previous because it says that OC goes beyond mere passive loyalty to an organisation. It sees loyalty to an organisation as an diligent relationship with the organisation such that individuals are leave aloneing to give something of themselves in order to contribute to the organisations well being. Mowdays definition whoremonger be characterised by at least three performers A strong belief in and acceptance of the organisations goals and values A willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organisation and A strong desire to maintain membership in the organisationMowdays definition also has some weaknesses. Firstly it is important to notice th at this definition does not prelude the possibility that individuals will also be committed to other aspects of their environment. It simply asserts that regardless(prenominal) of these other possible commitments the organisationally committed individual will tend to present the three characteristics identified. Secondly, the definition doesnt clarify the terms identification with and involvement in. It can be discussed whether this is a good definition since the terms may be dumb as ambiguous.Although this is not an ideal definition of OC, it is a definition that gives a good understanding and explanation of what OC is.Furthermore, Staw (77) differentiates between 2 different types of OC.Attitudinal commitment Refers to commitment rooted in an employees identification with the particular value system upheld by the co, and a desire to continue working there. Behavioural commitment on the other hand, comes about through a consistent pattern of action by an employee over a period o f time, and the way in which s/he tends to become bound by this behaviour and hence reluctant to change.The point made here is that attitudinal commitment should lead to behavioural commitment and behavioural to attitudinal. Understanding this, we will examine in part 3 possible ways managers in which look to initially generate OC.There are several possible reasons why managers should want work commitment in their workforce.Drennan suggest that most managers believe that with real commitment from staff the carrying into action of their business could improve dramatically. Beside an increased performance the work will also be a better place to work.The empirical studies carried out on the topic of OC represent a rich entreaty of findings with respect to both the antecedents and the consequences of the construct. Here is a short explanation of five possible outcomes that has been studied.Few important correlations have emerged in studies, although the correlations are consistently i n a predicted direction and often reached statistical significance. (Mowday et al., 1974 Porter, Crampon, & Smith, 1976 Steers, 1977a) Therefore we should expect commitment to influence the amount of effort an employee puts forth on the job and this efforts should have some influence on actual performance.Committed employees are desirous of remaining with the organisation. Highly significant, positive correlations have been found between increased tenure and increases commitment in Mowday 1974 and Steer 1977 studies.Theory would predict that highly committed employees would be more motivated to attend so they could facilitate organisational goal attainment. Modest live can be found in several studies like F.J. Smith, 1977 Steers, 1977a, but this support is not entirely consistent (Angle & Perry, 1981).When an employees commitments lie outside the organisation (e.g. hobby, family), less internal pressure would be exerted on the employee to attend (Morgan & Herman, 1976).We could say that commitment may represent an influence on attendance motivation.In a study by Angle and Perry (1981), commitment was found to be strongly and inversely related to employee tardiness. The theory underlying the construct suggests that highly committed employees are in all probability to engage in behaviours consistent with their attitudes toward the organisation. Coming to work on time would certainly represent one such behaviour.The strongest or most predictable behavioural outcome of employee commitment should be reduced turnover, which are shown in five studies. (Angle & Perry, 1981, Hom et al., 1979 Koch & Steers, 1978 Mowday et al., 1979 Steers, 1977a)In a sixth study, a longitudinal design was used to running play commitment levels over time among a sample of psychiatric technicians. (Porter et al., 1974) Again commitment was found to be significantly and inversely related to subsequent turnover. utilise the model suggested by Mowday et al, we look at the development of O C in 3 stages. What should be clear here is the significance of the early part of the companys relationship with an employee in seeking OC. Here we refer in particular to recruitment and induction practices of the firm.Employee characteristics Choose people whose values, beliefs, etc in some way fit with those of the firm.The role of this fit in securing attitudinal commitment is significantEmployee Expectations Make sure these correspond with the realities of the job ancestry Design Increase scope leads to increased commitment. Important dimensions inc variety, autonomy, feedback, significance, challenge. Participation, group work, and interdependence of tasks leads to commitment thru greater involvement and also increased felt responsibility Make work challenging Will attract those individuals who value work and bring an attitude of achievement to the organisation.Management and structure Integration and supportive/open management Loosen tight supervision and give employees more d iscretionReward remains Internal labour marketOrganisational characteristics Co must be seen as protecting the workers interests while offering employment stability. Socialising employees is also important here, altho little research has been done on either its implementation of its usefulness.Increasing focus on behavioural commitment1. Employees jobs more likely to inc those dimensions mentioned above in Job design2. Higher extrinsic awards + increased value of investments made by employee3. Workers generally more socialised in the coNote A major factor in influencing OC which has been ignored deliberately is that of personal experiences and histories that employees bring with them from previous jobs, etc. as this is beyond the scope of management intervention.In this essay we have mainly argued that organisational commitment is good and we have explained why manager should want it in their workforce. It is also evident that having a strong committed workforce has its advantages. One thing we have not mentioned is the disadvantages of a committed workforce. Randall (1987) used the term blind commitment in describing a workforce that was too committed. If you are too committed it can lead employees to accept the status quo even if the ultimately means that the company loses its ability to innovate and adapt to change.Another possible drawback to commitment can be illustrated by the example of a mediocre employee who has been at for a particular org for some time and who would struggle to get another job elsewhere. In this case, we assume s/he would be committed to his/her job so as not to risk losing it.In this way, this paper, having shown that there are many reasons why managers may wish to secure OC and how it can be achieved, has also highlighted some potential drawbacks that managers should be aware of.

Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci

da Vinci was a man of many distinct talents among those talents were polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, inventor, engineer, writer, geologist, anatomist, cartographer, anatomist, and botanist. da Vinci was primarily known for his characterisation (Mona Lisa, the last supper, Vitamins Man), and his fascinating inventions (Helicopter, tank, riotous Machine, Viola Organists) which I provide be talking about in perspicaciousness in my research paper. First study science, and thence follow with bore based on science..The painter who draws by practice and judgment of the plaza without the use of reason is like the mirror the reproduces within itself all the objects which atomic number 18 set opposite to it without knowledge of the same. The youth ought first to learn perspective, then the proportions of everything, then he should learn from the hand off good master. da Vinci Dad Vinci The Renaissance marked the transition point from the middle ages to the modern world. upstart Leonardo Did Seer Piper Dad Vince received his education of Painter, sculptor, and engine room in Florence in the early sass.In a time when coming with a immature approach toward science was considered a direct insult or scrap to the church, Leonardo managed to project his new finding of science, Mathematics formulas, and logical reasoning without creating a new reform of cultural beliefs. Among his reaction we can find what is considered to be an early predecessor of directlys helicopter. Between 1480 and 1493 Leonardo Dad Vinci designed what is known today as the Aerial Screw or also known as the whorled Air Screw.Leonardo Helical Air Screw measure approximately fifteen feet crosswise and the material used to build it were reed, linen, and wire. The main power proportion came from quaternary men that were standing in the middle of the craft rotating different pedals in put to rotate the screw like shaft (See figure L-1). Leonardo was a very methodical reader and writer. He often read books that interest him with compose on hand. He was so critical of himself that he used to chance upon his though in writing, and draw them most of the time in order to fabricate his thinking.In the old time it was common for inventors to read others innovators ideas in order to nominate new ones or reproduce the same invention with improvements. One of those inductions was the Leonardo infraction Vehicle. After researching Roberto Evaluators De re military, Leonardo Dad Vinci went ahead and created the flesh out Vehicle with a technology that was unheard of at the time. Due to the lack of money and the war at the Apennines Peninsula Leonardo had o restrain his master creation to Just a blueprint.The Assault Vehicle had an upside- down cone shape with quaternity wheels at the bottom, and a crankshaft for propulsion. Been that Leonardo was so critical of his own invention, he decided to make improvement to his own invention at a subsequent time. One of those improvements was the vehicle self-propulsion. Leonardo achieved this improvement by creating a spring-power arranging (As the Motor), and an innovated differential transmission system. (L-2 Picture of Assault Vehicle) Another area in which Leonardo Dad Vinci broke new ground was painting.But to his misfortune in animation by 1514 most of his paintings were not completed due to lack of commissions and Italians wars. One of those paintings happened to be the Mona Lisa or La Cocooned a 16th century oil painting portray of Lisa did Antonio Maria Grenadine which in todays expert opinion it is one of the most unaccepted to comprehend painting in the history of art. Leonardo started to paint the Mona Lisa in 1503 under the commission of Francesco did Bartholomew did Zinnia del Giaconda and finished nil 519 shortly before he died.By 1511 Leonardo had to migrate under the Melee family protection to Vapor where he sided and produced magnificent creation of arts for two years in order to turn back the Melee family hospitality. While at Vapor Leonardo continued to work up his new projects and improving his paintings knowing that sooner or later he will have to find a more suitable patron in order to be able to finance his work. The solution to financial impasse came in February 1 513 in the hand of Giovanni De Medici, the younger descendent of Lorenz IL Magnificent. With the decease of Pope Julius II in capital of Italy and Giovanni asserted to papacy under the remark of Pope Leo X.Giuliani De Medici rather of Pope Leo X and by them commander of the papal army, invited Leonardo to Rome for his knowledge of art and military technology. The invitation to Rome by Giuliani De Medici was the opportunity that Leonardo Dad Vinci was waiting for. Unlimited commissions, immensurable social status, and a very power full patron. What else? By September 1513 Leonardo relocated himself back to Rome where he was accommodated in the Vatican luxury marmalade b ush villas together with all his painting including some half stages such us the Lead, the Mona Lisa, and the idol Anne.Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da VinciLeonardo was a man of many different talents among those talents were polymath, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, inventor, engineer, writer, geologist, anatomist, cartographer, anatomist, and botanist. Leonardo was primarily known for his painting (Mona Lisa, the last supper, Vitamins Man), and his fascinating inventions (Helicopter, tank, flying Machine, Viola Organists) which I will be talking about in depth in my research paper. First study science, and then follow with practice based on science..The painter who draws by practice and judgment of the eye without the use of reason is like the mirror the reproduces within itself all the objects which are set opposite to it without knowledge of the same. The youth ought first to learn perspective, then the proportions of everything, then he should learn from the hand off good master. Leonardo Dad Vinci The Renaissance marked the transition point from the middle ages to the modern world. Young Leonardo Did Seer Piper Dad Vince received his education of Painter, sculptor, and engineering in Florence in the early sass.In a time when coming with a new approach toward science was considered a direct insult or challenge to the church, Leonardo managed to project his new finding of science, Mathematics formulas, and logical reasoning without creating a new reform of cultural beliefs. Among his reaction we can find what is considered to be an early predecessor of todays helicopter. Between 1480 and 1493 Leonardo Dad Vinci designed what is known today as the Aerial Screw or also known as the Helical Air Screw.Leonardo Helical Air Screw measure approximately fifteen feet across and the material used to build it were reed, linen, and wire. The main power proportion came from four men that were standing in the middle of the craft rotating different pedals i n order to rotate the screw like shaft (See figure L-1). Leonardo was a very methodical reader and writer. He often read books that interest him with pen on hand. He was so critical of himself that he used to describe his though in writing, and draw them most of the time in order to retrace his thinking.In the old time it was common for inventors to read others innovators ideas in order to create new ones or reproduce the same invention with improvements. One of those creations was the Leonardo Assault Vehicle. After researching Roberto Evaluators De re military, Leonardo Dad Vinci went ahead and created the Assault Vehicle with a technology that was unheard of at the time. Due to the lack of funds and the war at the Apennines Peninsula Leonardo had o restrain his master creation to Just a blueprint.The Assault Vehicle had an upside- down cone shape with four wheels at the bottom, and a crankshaft for propulsion. Been that Leonardo was so critical of his own invention, he decided to make improvement to his own invention at a later time. One of those improvements was the vehicle self-propulsion. Leonardo achieved this improvement by creating a spring-power system (As the Motor), and an innovated differential transmission system. (L-2 Picture of Assault Vehicle) Another area in which Leonardo Dad Vinci broke new ground was painting.But to his misfortune in life by 1514 most of his paintings were not completed due to lack of commissions and Italians wars. One of those paintings happened to be the Mona Lisa or La Cocooned a 16th century oil painting portray of Lisa did Antonio Maria Grenadine which in todays expert opinion it is one of the most impossible to comprehend painting in the history of art. Leonardo started to paint the Mona Lisa in 1503 under the commission of Francesco did Bartholomew did Zinnia del Giaconda and finished nil 519 shortly before he died.By 1511 Leonardo had to migrate under the Melee family protection to Vapor where he sided and produced magnificent creation of arts for two years in order to repay the Melee family hospitality. While at Vapor Leonardo continued to develop his new projects and improving his paintings knowing that sooner or later he will have to find a more suitable patron in order to be able to finance his work. The solution to financial impasse came in February 1 513 in the hand of Giovanni De Medici, the younger descendent of Lorenz IL Magnificent. With the death of Pope Julius II in Rome and Giovanni asserted to papacy under the name of Pope Leo X.Giuliani De Medici rather of Pope Leo X and by them commander of the papal army, invited Leonardo to Rome for his knowledge of art and military technology. The invitation to Rome by Giuliani De Medici was the opportunity that Leonardo Dad Vinci was waiting for. Unlimited commissions, immeasurable social status, and a very power full patron. What else? By September 1513 Leonardo relocated himself back to Rome where he was accommodated in the Vatican luxur y Belvedere villas together with all his painting including some half stages such us the Lead, the Mona Lisa, and the Saint Anne.