Addiction is a Brain Disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Addiction is a Brain Disease - Research Paper Example This means that there are two types of addiction: behavioral addiction and substance dependence. This can be harmful for oneself and for others. Furthermore, it is important to distinguish between a habit and an addiction: a habit is what a person chooses to do, and there is no physical and physiological aspect to it, till you become so used to that substance that you cannot do without it. With addiction you also cannot survive on the same doses every time; you need to increase the dosage every time in order to satisfy yourself and you cannot stop without help. It causes many problems in every aspect of one’s life and needs to be considered. Its causes and treatments need to be laid out for better understanding. (Nordqvist, March) The prefrontal cortex is the area of the brain that allows human beings to evaluate situations, make rational decisions and control their emotions and desires. This part of the brain is still developing in adolescence and abusing it will have a very dire effect in the future. (Buljan, 2010) An addict is a person who is addicted. This person will have desires and cravings, in which he will urgently want to indulge, and usually symptoms of withdrawal accompany this feeling if he does not get the substance he craves. There are several reasons for this disease. Genetics are suspected, and so is the environment, but the new explanation that has been discovered is that it is a brain disease. (Maureen C Nash, 2011) The roles of the reward mechanisms in the brain are suspected to be involved with this disease. Dopamine systems stimulate the brain when it receives a reward be it food, or any other thing that the person likes. This is the only centre of the brain that stimulates it, and no additional centre has been found to cause addiction. Taking the substance that you are addicted to changes the wiring of your brain and you require special needs to fulfill your cravings. Dopamine is activated with the use of the substance or aspect th at you are addicted to; and this is not a natural process, but a highly unnatural one as you make your brain accustomed to the aspects that it is usually not used to, but is in fact actually sensitive to. It not only arouses your brain and rewards it but the arousal it leads to is of abnormal nature, leading to changes in the brain’s motor and cognitive abilities. Other researchers believe that what is involved in addiction includes: the medial prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. There are other cortical structures involved in the rewarding centre of the brain apart from dopamine. This was shown by Hans Breiter with the help of functional magnetic resonance imaging. In simple terms, drugs such as morphine, or money, or shopping, rewards your brain and satisfies it. But if you don’t acquire them, you will experience withdrawal. This is not just the case with drugs, but also non-drug expectations. A drug will lead to ‘drug rewardsâ⠂¬â„¢ whereas a non drug will lead to a ‘non-drug reward.’ (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2000) Positron emission tomography studies by Nora Volkrow showed that substance abusers had fewer striatal D2 receptors. There was also lower monoamine oxidase B which is important in the reward circuit of the brain in those who were addicted to smoking. This meant that more dosage was needed every time to stimulate the reward centers because addiction was reducing the enzymes needed to stimulate it. (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2000) The brain reward system can be further extended beyond the dopamine system. The stimulation has to do with the synaptic actions when dopamine is stimulated which are affected by addiction. Since the brain is not used to such stimulation, it is required to adapt to it, a

IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS (CPM, ASPA, Research Paper

IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY THROUGH PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS (CPM, ASPA, TCMA, IG, ETC.) - Research Paper Example Increasing productivity does not merely mean to give the output or product in the industry in a very minute time rather it is the collection of number of quantitative and qualitative determinants which ensure the productivity. The first determinant to measure the productivity is the quality of the product that is produced by the work force. If the requirements of the customers are being met in the optimal way and the satisfaction graph of the client is increasing then definitely the work force, machinery and managerial group of that organization will be called as productive (Bradford, 1997). Increasing productivity through professional organization has been an emerging phenomenon of the present time as every organization cannot sort out the way to ensure the increase of productivity within or outside the premises of the work place. There are certain factors which have to be analyzed prior to the start of the process of increasing and augmenting productivity. The Professional associat ions make sure that the productivity factors are increased according to the demand and needs of the customers and the peculiar requirement analysis is done in order to fulfill the requirements of the organization and individuals (Alchian & Demsetz, 1972). The productivity factor largely depends upon the input given at the start. The input can be in the form of hired workforce, raw materials and hardware. The professional associations make sure that the productivity is increase by taking the perspective of the ratio and proportion of the input and output terms so that the efficiency also remain the focus of the organization. For example if the firm will produce the output of a very good quality within very less time then no doubt the productivity will said to be greater in the acute terms but the fact of the matter is that the efficiency is lessened because there is not inculcation of the cost effectiveness of the company and the company will shut down within a very less time frame. The productivity has to incur the production cost and the budgeting factors of the locality. The professional associations take all the stakeholders on board in order to make sure that no party is outside the hierarchical structure so that the productivity can be increase in a very effective and nominal way. There is a diverse choice of productivity increasing options in the modern world because the professional organizations are being deployed by almost every organization of good repute. One of the most acclaimed and renowned professional associations that are known for their great performance in helping to increase productivity of organizations and individuals are American society of administrative professionals (ASAP). This association helps the individuals and organization to work on different aspect of the professional and social life to increase and improve the productivity. As far as the professional services are concerned they conduct different training programs, webinars, w orkshops and seminars in order to educate people about nurturing their skills and building interpersonal relationships so that the

Investigation Completion and Analysis Essay Example for Free

Investigation Completion and Analysis Essay Evaporation is a process where liquid is converted to vapor with the purpose of separating it from a dissolved solid or from a liquid that is higher in boiling point in experiments or investigations on how to separate soluble solid in liquids (Holland, 2005). Evaporation technique was chosen for the experiment because it is easy and simple to execute compared to other methods of separation such as distillation. 2. Distillation Distillation is an investigative technique used in separation of mixtures based on conditional and differences required to change the components phases of the mixture. It can be applied in a mixture of liquids, and the mixture of soluble solutes and solvents like in this experiment. During the distillation process, the water is heated into the gas phase of the vapor leaving the salts deposits, then condenses back into liquid form that is then collected. The process is then repeated again to improve the water purity (Porteous, 2010). This method was obtained because pure water can be obtained 3. Crystallization This technique is a process of solid crystals formation from a solution. This technique is a technique of separating solids and liquids in which transfer of solute from a solution to a solid crystalline which pure occurs (Jones, 2002). This method was chosen because pure solutes can be obtained. Modifications made, and justification for the changes 1. In evaporation, I applied some heat from flames to the containers holding solution of water and salt. I applied the heat to increase the rate of evaporation instead of leaving it open in the air and under the sunshine that is slow. 2. I used ice in the condenser to condense maximum amount of vapor. Moreover, I re-distilled the condensed water to get maximum dissolved salts again. 3. In crystallization, I left the crystallization process to proceed slowly undisturbed instead of fast cooling. This was to prevent impurities from getting attached to the salts and also to get bigger crystals. Ways to ensure the accuracy To ensure accuracy, I ensured that the same amount of solvent and solution was used in the three experiments. Moreover, an equal amount of time was applied on all the experiments to get accurate results. Lastly, I ensured that the salts and the water had no impurities that could affect their boiling points. Ways to ensure reliability Reliability in the techniques was determined by the experiments producing consistent results. To ensure reliability, I started with the evaporation method which the results were salt and water, distillation and crystallization also produced consistent results of salt and water.Ways to ensure validity Validity indicates the extent to which the applied technique in the separation process separated the components it was intended to separate. To ensure the validity, I ensured that salt and water which were the components of the solution that was to be separated were the end products. The process requires a lot of heat energy which might be expensive. However, solar heat is slow and evaporates small quantities of the solution. The method is suitable in situations where salt is the only product needed. However, collection of water vapor is difficultDistillation The distillation process desalinate water removes dangerous heavy metals like mercury, arsenic and lead, and the soluble salts that harden the water such as magnesium, calcium and phosphorous. Therefore, it is preferable for distillation of drinking water. However, this process is ineffective in separation of soluble salts that has lower boiling points than water such as synthetic chemicals, chlorine solutions, herbicides and pesticides (Porteous, 2010). Moreover, it requires large source of heat which is costly. Lastly, the distillation process strips water its natural trace elements; hence the hydrogen composition in water increases and makes water acidic (Porteous, 2010). Crystallization The process is complex compared to the evaporation method. It is also unsuitable where water is to be collected as an end product. However, it is advantageous since pure salts can be obtained for usage (Jones, 2002). b) Suggestions of possible improvements Alternative sources of heat could be used such as the use of solar energy to reduce high costs incurred in the evaporation and distillation process. Despite the fact that solar energy cannot produce a high amount of energy needed to heat the large amount of the solution for a longer duration of time, it is the best cost-wise. Given that some dissolved salts have lower boiling points than the water hence difficult to separate them from water, the boiling point of water can be lowered by lowering the gas pressure above the liquid. The distillation process strips water its natural trace elements, hence making water to be acidic due to increased proportion of hydrogen. To avoid water being acidic, beneficial salts can be added into the water for human consumption such as calcium that is good in formation of bones. References Holland, C. D. (2005). Fundamentals and modeling of separation processes: absorption, distillation, evaporation, and extraction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall. Jones, A. G. (2002). Crystallization process systems. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Porteous, A. (2010). Saline water distillation processes. London: Longman. Source document

Management Is A Universal Phenomenon Commerce Essay

Management Is A Universal Phenomenon Commerce Essay management is a purposive undertaking. It is certain thing that directs group efforts in the direction of the attainment of certain pre determined goals. It is the method of working with and through other ones to competently achieve the goals of the association, by efficiently utilising limited assets in the changing world. Of course, these goals may vary from one enterprise to another. E.g.: For one enterprise it may be launching of new products by conducting market reviews and for other it may be profit maximization by minimizing cost. management involves conceiving an interior natural environment: It is the management which places into use the diverse factors of production. Therefore, it is the blame of management to conceive such situation which are conducive to greatest efforts so that people are adept to perform their task effectively and effectively. It encompasses double-checking availability of raw components, conclusion of salaries and salaries, formulation of directions guidelines etc. thus, we can say that good management includes both being productive and efficient. Being effective means doing the befitting task i.e, fitting the square pegs in rectangle holes and aaaround pegs in aaaround holes. Being efficient means doing the task rightly, at least possible cost with smallest wastage of assets. management can be characterised in detail in following classes : 1. management as a Process 2. management as an undertaking 3. management as a control and respect 4. management as a assembly 5. management as a Science 6. management as an Art 7. management as a Profession http://www.managementstudyguide.com/what_is_management.htm history of mgt The verb organise arrives from the Italian maneggiare (to handle particularly tools), which in turn draws from from the Latin manus (hand). The French phrase mesnagement (later mà ©nagement) leveraged the development in significance of the English word administration in the 17th and 18th centuries http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management historical theories of mgt Historical Theories of Management Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940) At the turn of the years, the most prominent organizations were large and industrialized. Often they encompassed ongoing, routine tasks that constructed a kind of goods. The United States highly prized scientific and technical affairs, encompassing very cautious estimation and specification of undertakings and results. management tended to be the same. Frederick Taylor evolved the :scientific management idea which espoused this very cautious specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. jobs were standardized as much as likely. employees were paid and punished. This approach emerged to work well for associations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routinized activities. Bureaucratic Management Theory (1930-1950) Max Weber embellished the technical management idea with his bureaucratic idea. Weber concentrated on dividing associations into hierarchies, establishing strong lines of authority and control. He suggested associations evolve comprehensive and detailed benchmark functioning methods for all routinized tasks. Human Relations Movement (1930-today) finally, unions and government regulations answered to the rather dehumanizing consequences of these theories. More vigilance was granted to individuals and their exclusive capabilities in the association. A foremost belief encompassed that the association would prosper if its workers prospered as well. Human Resource agencies were supplemented to associations. The behavioral sciences performed a powerful function in helping to understand the needs of employees and how the needs of the association and its employees could be better aligned. diverse new ideas were spawned, numerous founded on the behavioral sciences (some had title like idea X, Y and Z). Traits of Progressive Management Development Programs With the Human Relations action, teaching programs recognized the need to cultivate supervisory skills, for example, delegating, career development, inspiring, coaching, mentoring, etc. Progressive management schools now have students reconsider a wide body of management topics and discover those topics by applying that information in the workplace and mirroring on that submission. Learning undertakings incorporate learners real-world undertakings in the workplaces or their lives. allotment encompass reflection and investigation on real-world know-how. discovering is enhanced through extending dialogue and repsonse among learners. Very good schools organise to include types of self-development, too, identifying that the cornerstone for effective management is effective self-management. productive management development programs help scholars (learners) take a systems view of their organizations, encompassing reconsider of how foremost functions effect each other. Assignments encompass identifying and addressing consequences of one activities on their whole organization. Contemporary Theories of Management Contingency Theory Basically, contingency idea asserts that when managers make a decision, they should take into account all facets of the current position and proceed on those facets that are key to the position at hand. Basically, its the approach that it depends. For example, the continuing effort to recognise the best authority or administration method might now conclude that the best style depends on the position. If one is premier troops in the Persian Gulf, an autocratic method is likely best (of course, numerous might argue here, too). If one is leading a clinic or university, a more participative and facilitative authority method is likely best. Systems Theory . systems theory has had a important effect on administration science and comprehending association. A scheme is a collection of part unified to complete an general goal. If one part of the scheme is removed, the nature of the scheme is altered as well. For demonstration, a stack of sand is not a scheme. If one eliminates a sand element, youve still got a stack of sand. However, a functioning car is a system. Remove the carburetor and youve no longer got a working car. A scheme can be looked at as having inputs, processes, yields and conclusions. systems share feedback amidst each of these four facets of the systems. Inputs would encompass resources such as raw materials, cash, technologies and people. These inputs proceed through a method where theyre designed, organized, inspired and controlled, ultimately to meet the organizations goals. Outputs would be goods or services to a market. Outcomes would be, e.g., enhanced value of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity. repsonse would be data from human resources carrying out the method, customers/clients using the goods, etc. repsonse furthermore comes from the bigger natural environment of the association, for example, leverages from government, humanity, economics, and technologies. This overall system structure applies to any scheme, including subsystems (departments, programs, etc.) in the general organization. systems theory may appear quite rudimentary. Yet, decades of management teaching and practices in the workplace have not pursued this idea. Only lately, with tremendous alterations opposite organizations and how they function, have teachers and managers come to face this new way of looking at things. This understanding has brought about a important change (or paradigm shift) in the way management investigations and advances organizations. The effect of systems idea in administration is that writers, teachers, advisors, etc. are assisting managers to gaze at the organization from a broader viewpoint. Systems idea has conveyed a new viewpoint for managers to interpret patterns and events in the workplace. They recognize the various components of the association, and, in specific, the interrelations of the parts, for example, the coordination of centered management with its programs, technology with constructing, supervisors with employees, etc. This is a foremost development. In the past, managers normally took one part and concentrated on that. Then they moved all attention to another part. The difficulty was that an association could, e.g., have a magnificent centered administration and magnificent set of educators, but the agencies didnt synchronize Chaos Theory As chaotic and random as world events appear today, they appear as chaotic in organizations, too. Yet for decades, managers have acted on the basis that organizational events can always be controlled. A new idea (or some say science), chaos idea, recognizes that events indeed are rarely controlled. numerous chaos theorists (as do systems theorists) mention to biological systems when interpreting their idea. They propose that systems routinely proceed to more complexity, and as they do so, these systems become more volatile (or susceptible to cataclysmic events) and should expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they consume more power, they search more structure to sustain stability. This trend extends until the scheme divides, blends with another convoluted scheme or falls apart solely. This tendency is what many see as the tendency in life, in organizations and the world in general. SCHOOL OF THOUGHT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Animism The notion of animism is not now broadly utilised in anthropology and tends to be referred to more as a historical curiousness for what it can notify us about anthropological thought in the 19th years than for what it can state about the convictions of persons in the up to date world. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diffusionism Diffusionism is the term utilised by anthropologists and sociologists to account for the disperse, through time, of facets of culture-artistic traditions, language, melodies, myths, devout beliefs, communal association, technological ideas-from one humanity or assembly to another. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Evolutionism Evolutionism is a movement in anthropology and sociology which was much in vogue in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It mentions to ideas of change in which development is seen to proceed through stages of increasing complexity and diversification. It is closely related to the concept of progress and expertise, which is most prevalent in capitalist humanity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Functionalism functionalism refers to a variety of theories in the human sciences, all of which supply explanations of phenomena in periods of the function, or reason, they purportedly assist. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Marxist anthropology It developed out of two motives: the need to assess anthropologys chronicled connection with colonialism, arising out of a discontent with earlier functionalist paradigms for the study of societies; and to perform social investigation with a larger sense of political and financial perspectives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Postmodernism Anthropology in general has been examined as a especially sympathetic arena of the human sciences inside which to chase the postmodernist agenda, particularly with regard to matters of otherness, critiques of the programmes of the Enlightenment and elaborations of the idea of culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Primitivism Primitivism, in anthropology, mentions to a body of considered that there live remote and exotic primitive: peoples whose ways of life and technologies are considered to display assessed compare to those of modern societies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Relativism The conventional heritage relativism that most anthropologists, British or American, take to work with them is a blend of two notions: first, that insofar as there are behavioural differences between various populations of persons, these differences are the outcome of heritage (sometimes societal) variation rather than anything additional; and, second, that such dissimilarities as do live are warranting of respect and understanding in their own terms. MORE à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Structuralism Structuralism is the approach which seeks to isolate, and decode, deep organisations of significance, coordinated through systems of signals inherent in human demeanour (language, ceremonial, dress and so on. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Syncretism Syncretism is the method of mingling distinct philosophies, convictions or traditions of conviction and practice, producing in hybrid types. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Totemism J.F. McLennan (1869) posited a worldwide reverence for the mystical power of dwelling things, arguing that there is no race of men that has not arrive through this primitive stage of speculative belief. http://credoreference.libguides.com/content.php?pid=307806sid=2521183 4 FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT Management has been described as a communal process involving responsibility for economical and effective designing guideline of operation of an enterprise in the fulfillment of given reasons. It is a dynamic process comprising of diverse elements and undertakings. These undertakings are distinct from operative purposes like trading, finance, purchase etc. Rather these undertakings are widespread to each and every manger irrespective of his grade or rank. distinct experts have classified functions of management. According to George Jerry, There are four fundamental functions of management i.e. designing, coordinating, actuating and controlling. According to Henry Fayol, To organise is to forecast and design, to coordinate, to order, to control. Whereas Luther Gullick has granted a keyword POSDCORB where P stands for Planning, O for Organizing, S for Staffing, D for administering, Co for Co-ordination, R for describing B for making allowance for. But the most broadly accepted are functions of management granted by KOONTZ and ODONNEL i.e. designing, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and commanding. For theoretical reasons, it may be befitting to separate the function of management but virtually these purposes are overlapping in environment i.e. they are highly inseparable. Each function blends into the other each sways the performance of others. 4 FUNCTIONS PLANNING According to Koontz ODonell, PLANNING is concluding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. PLANNING connections the gap between where we are to, where we want to proceed. It makes likely things to occur which would not else occur. PLANNING is deciding in accelerate what to do and how to do. It is one of the basic managerial functions. Before doing certain thing, the supervisor must formulate an concept of how to work on a specific task. therefore, PLANNING is nearly attached with creativity and discovery. But the supervisor would first have to set objectives, only then will a manager know where he has to proceed. Planning hunts for to bridge the gap between where we are and where we want to go. PLANNING is what managers at all grades do. It requires taking decisions since it engages making a choice from alternate techniques of activity. Importance of PLANNING: Æ’ËÅ" PLANNING presents directions Æ’ËÅ" PLANNING reduces the dangers of doubt Æ’ËÅ" PLANNING reduces overlapping and wasteful undertakings Æ’ËÅ" PLANNING promotes innovative ideas Æ’ËÅ" PLANNING facilitates decision making Æ’ËÅ" PLANNING sets up measures for controlling PLANNING method: Æ’ËÅ" Setting Objectives Æ’ËÅ" Developing Premises: Æ’ËÅ" recognising alternative techniques of activity Æ’ËÅ" assessing alternative techniques Æ’ËÅ" Selecting an alternative Æ’ËÅ" Implement the PLAN Æ’ËÅ" Follow-up action organising one time the PLANs have been laid down and objectives particular therein, the next step is to organize assets in a kind which leads to the accomplishment of objectives. Organizing can be characterised as a method that initiates implementation of PLANs by clarifying occupations and working relationships and competently establishing assets for attainment of recognised and yearned results or goals. The management function of organising double-checks that efforts are directed in the direction of the attainment of goals laid down in the PLANNING function in such a kind that resources are used optimally and people are adept to work collectively and competently for a common reason. Thus, it is in the context of productive management that the association function earns due importance. It is a means for converting PLANs into action. Importance of organising: Æ’ËÅ" assists in specialization Æ’ËÅ" Clarity in working relationships Æ’ËÅ" Optimum utilization of assets Æ’ËÅ" Adaptation to change Æ’ËÅ" productive management Æ’ËÅ" Development of staff Æ’ËÅ" Expansion and development Organizing process: Æ’ËÅ" Identification and division of work Æ’ËÅ" Departmentalization Æ’ËÅ" allotment of duties Æ’ËÅ" setting up describing connections Directing Directing refers to the process of instructing, directing, therapy, motivating and premier people in the association to accomplish its objectives. Directing integrates persons in the direction of accomplishment of widespread objectives. Through directing, managers not only notify the persons in the association as to what they should do, when they should do and how they should do but also glimpse that their instructions are implemented in correct perspective. Very often, this becomes important component in the effective and effective functioning of the organization. Directing as a function of management is concerned with instructing, directing and motivating people in the organization to accomplish its objectives. It involves overseeing people at work, making provision for the essential facilities and creating a work natural environment, whereby employees may present to the best of their abilities. It comprises of handing out instructions and instructions by a better to his subordinates. It furthermore encompasses the process of m9otivation subordinates and supplying authority with an comprehending of their hopes, beliefs and demeanour pattern. Through the administering function managers convey about a balance between one-by-one concerns of employees and the concerns of the organization as a whole. Directing is a function of all managers of the association. It is an ongoing activity of managers. significance of directing: Æ’ËÅ" It Initiates Actions Æ’ËÅ" It Ingrates Effort Æ’ËÅ" Means of Motivation Æ’ËÅ" It Provides steadiness Æ’ËÅ" contending up with the alterations Æ’ËÅ" Efficient Utilization of assets controlling Managerial command suggests the estimation of accomplishment against the benchmark and the correction of deviations to guarantee attainment of objectives according to plans (Koontz and O Donnel) controlling is one of the important functions of a manager. In alignment to request PLANed results from the subordinates, a supervisor needs to workout productive command over the undertakings of the subordinates. In other phrases, controlling means double-checking that undertakings in an organization are presented as per the PLANs. controlling also double-checks that an organizations resources are being utilised competently and efficiently for the accomplishment of predetermined goals. controlling is, therefore, a goal-oriented function. significance of controlling: Æ’ËÅ" Accomplishing organizational goals Æ’ËÅ" Judging accuracy of standards Æ’ËÅ" Making efficient use of assets Æ’ËÅ" advancing worker motivation Æ’ËÅ" Ensuring alignment and control and respect Æ’ËÅ" Facilitating coordination in activity Controlling method: Æ’ËÅ" Setting presentation standards Æ’ËÅ" Measurement of genuine presentation Æ’ËÅ" Comparison of genuine presentation with measures Æ’ËÅ" Analysing deviations Æ’ËÅ" Taking corrective activity (www.Seobyus.com) ( HubPages Inc., 2011) (excellentguru.com) (enotes.com) (managementstudyguide.com, 2008-2012)

Welfare Reform: Have we considered our children? :: Essays Papers

Welfare Reform: Have we considered our children? "Contract with America", "block grants", "personal responsibility" and "welfare to work" are all familiar rhetoric. With the changing of the guard in Washington, "welfare as we know it" is quickly becoming a relic of the past. The question is whether our newly-elected leaders are reforming the welfare system or simply perpetuating the horrific state of our country's poorest citizens- our children. Consolidation of federal programs into block grants includes an estimated 5-20% cut in the level of federal spending for many of these programs. If the proposed changes in AFDC were fully in effect today, more than five million children, one-half of the children now on AFDC, would lose their benefits. Revision of the original plan does not necessarily translate into added protection for children. Both the Clinton administration and state governments, represented by Republican governors, have proposed alternative welfare reform plans. The alternative plans still include support for block grants and federal cutbacks. Elimination of federal oversight of child welfare programs will eradicate over fifteen years of child advocacy efforts. In the proposed legislation, funding under the Social Security Act for state child welfare systems would be combined into a block grant to be disseminated according to each states' discretion. House Representatives have failed to mention that monies for state child welfare programs are currently linked to federal standards and compliance measures. Receipt of federal foster care money is dependent upon state compliance with requirements such as permanency planning, family preservation and reunification and placement of children in the least restrictive, most family-like setting. Loss of these compliance measures will potentially dismantle a nationwide system developed solely to protect the best interests of the child. Along a similar vein, elimination of the entitlement status of social welfare programs destroys the safety net for children whose parents are poor. Unlike entitlements which legally guarantee assistance for children and families, block grants place a financial cap on spending. If states run out of money, families will be forced to wait until the next fiscal year to receive assistance. Denying entitlement status guarantees that many children will go hungry, and in turn will be unable to develop into healthy, productive adults. The current welfare reform proposals, although intended to target single women, realistically punish the children. Without built-in federal protections for children combined with a guaranteed safety net for parents, we cannot expect children in poverty to become responsible selfsufficient citizens.

Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals Essay -- Argumentative Persua

Censorship - A Clash of Wills and Morals A list of the greatest literature of the English language could be compiled almost solely by using a chart of the works most often censored by schools and libraries. Some people believe that the books most frequently banned consist only of trashy paperbacks and frivolous â€Å"beach-reading.† However, usually in censorship cases, there is a clash of wills and morals between the teacher or librarian who finds a work worthy of students’ and community members’ time and the parent or citizen who sees little literary value in the work of choice. Seldom is the teacher or librarian alone in thinking a work justified for reflection. More often than not, the controversial work has made it into several canons of great literature and onto several great books lists. The conclusion that may logically be drawn is that something about these controversial books is special enough to cause commotion on both ends of the critical spectrum. It may even be suggested that a book is censored for the very same reasons it is canonized. The great works of the literary canon are each striking texts that encapsulate a new voice, idea, point of view, or controversial subject matter; each of these works contains a new and exciting concept. If there were nothing striking about these works, they would never have been canonized. However, with these new ideas and points of view comes suspicion and fear. If one critic lauds a novel for giving a new perspective on a controversial issue, there is no doubt that there will also be a citizen looking to maintain the status quo and suppress these new ideas. It is quite clear that the controversial works of great lit... ....bb.com/bbbanned.cfm. Burress, Lee. Battle of the Books. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1989. Garry, Patrick. An American Paradox: Censorship in a Nation of Free Speech. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993. Heins, Marjorie. Sex, Sin, and Blasphemy. New York: The Nex Press, 1998. Karolides, Nicholas J., Margaret Bald, and Dawn B. Sova. 100 Banned Books. New York: Checkmark Books, 1999. Kranich, Nancy. â€Å"Develop Yourself: Expose Your Mind to a Banned Book.† American Library Association, 2000. Online. www.ala.org. Levine, Michael G. Writing Through Repression: Literature, Censorship, Psychoanalysis. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Noble, William. Bookbanning in America. Middlebury, VT: Paul S. Eriksson, 1990. Woods, L. B. A Decade of Censorship in America. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1979.

Objectives of environmental education

Objectives of Environmental Education To define the Five (5) Objectives of Environmental Education. To conserve, preserve and utilize the used of our Environment. To have a deep understanding of the Environment and its problems. Introduction We, people are live in an Environment where we can able get our basic necessity so, It means that we are connected and dependent on our environment but as the year passed by we can able to noticed that there are some changes that Is happening to our environment specifically the shortage of food, climate change and etc. ND It was totally alarming. We all know that the world facing a lot of problems that sooner may leads to destruction and it will totally effects on the people's life. So, it is very important to develop the awareness, knowledge, attitude, skill and participation to be able to prevent the destruction to happen. And that's the role of environmental education. The E will give people a new perspective about the benefits of taking care of our environment and it will generate a big change not only on the people's life but for the future generation to come.And yes, it is our responsibility as people that we might find solution to those existing and to the future problems. We, people must be equipped with all those possible solution for the benefit of every living creature. Application Role play will be entitled â€Å"Change for the Future† that is inspired by the Objective of E. The class will group into two (2) groups.Each group must prepare a role playing here they can able to share the awareness, knowledge, attitude, skills and participation on the importance of the environment on us and how to prevent those problems that we may experience in connection Into our environment. Pointers It must apply the objectives of Environmental Education It must contain musical scene onto the play. It must be within 45 minutes. Everyone must have the role to play. Make sure that It Is Interactive and the audience can able to participate. Objectives of environmental education By Clark-Vida t means that we are connected and dependent on our environment but as the year passed by we can able to noticed that there are some changes that is happening to our environment specifically the shortage of food, climate change and etc. And it was problems that we may experience in connection into our environment. Pointers It must apply the objectives of Environmental Education It must be within 45 minutes. Everyone must have the role to play. Make sure that it is interactive and the audience can able to participate.